# Identification and validation of energy metabolism-related genes in diabetic kidney disease through integrated bioinformatics and in vivo analysis

## TL;DR

This study identifies energy metabolism-related genes linked to diabetic kidney disease and validates their potential as diagnostic biomarkers.

## Contribution

The study integrates bioinformatics and in vivo analysis to discover novel energy metabolism-related genes in diabetic kidney disease.

## Key findings

- 17 energy metabolism-related differentially expressed genes were identified in diabetic kidney disease.
- CD36 and LPL showed high diagnostic accuracy for DKD.
- CD36, IGF1, LPL, and UCP2 are potential biomarkers for DKD diagnosis and treatment.

## Abstract

The primary renal complication of diabetes mellitus is diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The precise pathogenic mechanisms of DKD remain poorly elucidated. The aim of this study was to identify potential energy metabolism-related genes associated with DKD.

The GSE30529 and GSE30528 datasets were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus, and energy metabolism-related genes were obtained from the GeneCards database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between DKD and control groups were analyzed. The biological functions and signaling pathways of these DEGs were evaluated using Gene Ontology (GO), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The diagnostic performance of hub genes for DKD was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Expression levels of five significant energy metabolism-related genes were validated through immunohistochemistry. The Nephroseq V5 tool was used to evaluate gene expression in DKD and to determine correlations between gene expression and renal function in patients with DKD.

A total of 17 energy metabolism-related DEGs were identified. Five hub genes—ALB, IGF1, CD36, LPL, and UCP2—were identified. Among these, CD36 and LPL demonstrated relatively high diagnostic accuracy for DKD. The findings suggest that CD36, IGF1, LPL, and UCP2 may serve as potential biomarkers for DKD.

The genes CD36, IGF1, LPL, and UCP2 represent potential energy metabolism-related biomarkers with possible applications in the diagnosis and treatment of DKD.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41065-026-00632-7.