# The Prognostic Impact of Enteropathy and Liver Disease in Common Variable Immunodeficiency: A Retrospective Cohort Study

## TL;DR

This study shows that gastrointestinal and liver issues in a rare immune disorder significantly increase infection, cancer, and mortality risks.

## Contribution

The study identifies enteropathy and liver disease as independent risk factors for infections, cancer, and mortality in common variable immunodeficiency.

## Key findings

- CVID-E is an independent risk factor for GI infections.
- CVID-L is associated with increased mortality and often co-occurs with CVID-E.
- GI and hepatic manifestations frequently occur together in CVID patients.

## Abstract

Up to one-third of the patients diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) may develop gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatic manifestations. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of enteropathy and liver disease in patients with CVID.

We conducted a retrospective study including all consecutive adult patients with CVID followed in a tertiary care center in Spain from January 1990 to January 2023. A diagnosis of CVID-associated enteropathy (CVID-E) and CVID-associated liver involvement (CVID-L) was established when objective clinical, endoscopic, histologic, radiologic or hemodynamic findings were present. Relevant prognostic outcomes and their risk factors were studied, including survival, GI infections, and GI cancer.

Eighty-nine patients with confirmed CVID were included, 26 of them (29.2%) had CVID-E and 23 (25.8%) had CVID-L. Nineteen (73.1%) patients with CVID-E suffered from GI infections, while 12 (46.2%) presented concurrent liver involvement. In comparison with the rest of the cohort, patients with CVID-E had more frequently liver involvement, GI infections, and GI cancer. Multivariate analysis identified CVID-E as an independent risk factor for GI infections. Twelve (52.2%) patients with CVID-L concurrently exhibited CVID-E, and patients with CVID-L presented more CVID-E, splenomegaly, and a trend toward more GI cancer and GI infections. CVID-L and age at CVID diagnosis emerged as independent risk factors for mortality.

GI and hepatic involvements are common in patients with CVID and frequently occur together. These manifestations significantly affect the disease course, increasing the risk of GI infections, GI malignancy, and, in the case of liver disease, mortality.