# Potential role of exosomes derived from the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression and treatment

**Authors:** Ying Yu, Wenjun Zhang, Kun Wang

PMC · DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1583295 · Frontiers in Oncology · 2026-02-06

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how exosomes in the tumor environment help cancer progress and how they can be used for treatment.

## Contribution

The paper summarizes recent findings on exosome roles in tumor communication and therapy.

## Key findings

- Exosomes facilitate communication between tumor and premetastatic environments.
- Exosomes regulate tumor progression through angiogenesis, invasion, and drug resistance.
- Exosomes show promise as drug delivery carriers due to their targeting and compatibility.

## Abstract

Exosomes are important intercellular communication substances that connect the intercellular communication between the tumor microenvironment and the premetastatic microenvironment during tumor progression. By carrying different regulatory substances, such as proteins, cytokines, nucleic acids, etc., to regulate tumor progression, including angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance and other aspects. In addition to their potential as diagnostic markers, exosomes can also be used as excellent drug delivery carriers. Due to their excellent targeting and histocompatibility, exosomes have considerable application prospects in tumor therapy. This reviews recent studies on tumor-related exosomes, summarizes the mechanisms of intercellular communication and regulation of exosomes in tumor microenvironment and pre-metastasis microenvironment, and summarizes the current research progress on exosomes in tumor therapy.

## Linked entities

- **Diseases:** tumor (MONDO:0005070)

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** RET (ret proto-oncogene) [NCBI Gene 5979] {aka CDHF12, CDHR16, HSCR1, MEN2A, MEN2B, MTC1}, CDA (cytidine deaminase) [NCBI Gene 978] {aka CDD}, STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) [NCBI Gene 6772] {aka CANDF7, IMD31A, IMD31B, IMD31C, ISGF-3, STAT91}, VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) [NCBI Gene 7422] {aka L-VEGF, MVCD1, VEGF, VPF}, AURKA (aurora kinase A) [NCBI Gene 6790] {aka AIK, ARK1, AURA, BTAK, PPP1R47, STK15}, HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) [NCBI Gene 3082] {aka DFNB39, F-TCF, HGFB, HPTA, SF}, CLDN5 (claudin 5) [NCBI Gene 7122] {aka AWAL, BEC1, CPETRL1, TMDVCF, TMVCF}, NOTCH1 (notch receptor 1) [NCBI Gene 4851] {aka AOS5, AOVD1, TAN1, hN1}, CXCL8 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8) [NCBI Gene 3576] {aka GCP-1, GCP1, IL8, LECT, LUCT, LYNAP}, GPC1 (glypican 1) [NCBI Gene 2817] {aka glypican}, MIRLET7C (microRNA let-7c) [NCBI Gene 406885] {aka LET7C, MIRNLET7C, hsa-let-7c, let-7c}, MMP1 (matrix metallopeptidase 1) [NCBI Gene 4312] {aka CLG}, MIR155 (microRNA 155) [NCBI Gene 406947] {aka MIRN155, miRNA155, mir-155}, DLL4 (delta like canonical Notch ligand 4) [NCBI Gene 54567] {aka AOS6, delta4, hdelta2}, KLF2 (KLF transcription factor 2) [NCBI Gene 10365] {aka LKLF}, MYCN (MYCN proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor) [NCBI Gene 4613] {aka FGLDS1, MODED, MPAPA, MYCNsORF, MYCNsPEP, N-myc}, PDCD1 (programmed cell death 1) [NCBI Gene 5133] {aka ADMIO4, AIMTBS, CD279, PD-1, PD1, SLEB2}, MIR378E (microRNA 378e) [NCBI Gene 100616498] {aka mir-378e}, KLF4 (KLF transcription factor 4) [NCBI Gene 9314] {aka EZF, GKLF}, SDC4 (syndecan 4) [NCBI Gene 6385] {aka SYND4}, MMP13 (matrix metallopeptidase 13) [NCBI Gene 4322] {aka CLG3, MANDP1, MDST, MMP-13}, MIR143 (microRNA 143) [NCBI Gene 406935] {aka MIRN143, mir-143}, PBX3 (PBX homeobox 3) [NCBI Gene 5090], PRDX4 (peroxiredoxin 4) [NCBI Gene 10549] {aka AOE37-2, AOE372, HEL-S-97n, PRX-4}, CD81 (CD81 molecule) [NCBI Gene 975] {aka CVID6, S5.7, TAPA1, TSPAN28}, TLR2 (toll like receptor 2) [NCBI Gene 7097] {aka CD282, TIL4}, STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) [NCBI Gene 6774] {aka ADMIO, ADMIO1, APRF, HIES}, MYC (MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor) [NCBI Gene 4609] {aka MRTL, MYCC, bHLHe39, c-Myc}, H19 (H19 imprinted maternally expressed transcript) [NCBI Gene 283120] {aka ASM, ASM1, BWS, D11S813E, GMRSP, LINC00008}, KDR (kinase insert domain receptor) [NCBI Gene 3791] {aka CD309, FLK1, VEGFR, VEGFR2}, TGFBR2 (transforming growth factor beta receptor 2) [NCBI Gene 7048] {aka AAT3, FAA3, LDS1B, LDS2, LDS2B, MFS2}, TNFSF10 (TNF superfamily member 10) [NCBI Gene 8743] {aka APO2L, Apo-2L, CD253, TANCR, TL2, TNLG6A}, HSPA1A (heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1A) [NCBI Gene 3303] {aka HEL-S-103, HSP70, HSP70-1, HSP70-1A, HSP70-2, HSP70.1}, CD9 (CD9 molecule) [NCBI Gene 928] {aka BTCC-1, DRAP-27, MIC3, MRP-1, TSPAN-29, TSPAN29}, MMP3 (matrix metallopeptidase 3) [NCBI Gene 4314] {aka CHDS6, MMP-3, SL-1, STMY, STMY1, STR1}, CCL1 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 1) [NCBI Gene 6346] {aka I-309, P500, SCYA1, SISe, TCA3}, APAF1 (apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1) [NCBI Gene 317] {aka APAF-1, CED4}, MIR320A (microRNA 320a) [NCBI Gene 407037] {aka MIRN320, MIRN320A, hsa-mir-320a, mir-320a}, IL10 (interleukin 10) [NCBI Gene 3586] {aka CSIF, GVHDS, IL-10, IL10A, TGIF}, OCLN (occludin) [NCBI Gene 100506658] {aka BLCPMG, PPP1R115, PTORCH1}, TNF (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 7124] {aka DIF, IMD127, TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, TNLG1F}, CD63 (CD63 molecule) [NCBI Gene 967] {aka AD1, HOP-26, ME491, MLA1, OMA81H, Pltgp40}, AREG (amphiregulin) [NCBI Gene 374] {aka AR, AREGB, CRDGF, SDGF}, NUMB (NUMB endocytic adaptor protein) [NCBI Gene 8650] {aka C14orf41, S171, c14_5527}, SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3) [NCBI Gene 9021] {aka ATOD4, CIS3, Cish3, SOCS-3, SSI-3, SSI3}, MIR221 (microRNA 221) [NCBI Gene 407006] {aka MIRN221, miRNA221, mir-221}, ARRDC1 (arrestin domain containing 1) [NCBI Gene 92714], MIR940 (microRNA 940) [NCBI Gene 100126328] {aka MIRN940, hsa-mir-940, mir-940}, DLC1 (DLC1 Rho GTPase activating protein) [NCBI Gene 10395] {aka ARHGAP7, HP, STARD12, p122-RhoGAP}, TJP1 (tight junction protein 1) [NCBI Gene 7082] {aka ZO-1}, TGFBR1 (transforming growth factor beta receptor 1) [NCBI Gene 7046] {aka AAT5, ACVRLK4, ALK-5, ALK5, ESS1, LDS1}, IFNL3 (interferon lambda 3) [NCBI Gene 282617] {aka IFN-lambda-3, IFN-lambda-4, IL-28B, IL-28C, IL28B, IL28C}, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) [NCBI Gene 1956] {aka ERBB, ERBB1, ERRP, HER1, NISBD2, NNCIS}, SMARCA4 (SWI/SNF related BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit ATPase 4) [NCBI Gene 6597] {aka BAF190, BAF190A, BRG1, CSS4, MRD16, OTSC12}, MYD88 (MYD88 innate immune signal transduction adaptor) [NCBI Gene 4615] {aka IMD68, MYD88D, WM1}, MIR21 (microRNA 21) [NCBI Gene 406991] {aka MIRN21, hsa-mir-21, miR-21, miRNA21}, HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) [NCBI Gene 3146] {aka HMG-1, HMG1, HMG3, SBP-1}, MIR215 (microRNA 215) [NCBI Gene 406997] {aka MIRN215, miRNA215, mir-215}, CXCR4 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4) [NCBI Gene 7852] {aka CD184, D2S201E, FB22, HM89, HSY3RR, LCR1}, CD274 (CD274 molecule) [NCBI Gene 29126] {aka ADMIO5, B7-H, B7H1, PD-L1, PDCD1L1, PDCD1LG1}
- **Diseases:** B-lymphocytic leukemia (MESH:D015448), neuroblastoma (MESH:D009447), head and neck squamous cell cancer (MESH:D000077195), squamous (MESH:D002294), non-small cell lung cancer (MESH:D002289), hypoxia (MESH:D000860), gastric cancer (MESH:D013274), hypoxic (MESH:D002534), Cancer (MESH:D009369), head and neck cancer (MESH:D006258), swelling (MESH:D004487), inflammatory (MESH:D007249), Melanoma (MESH:D008545), Prostate cancer (MESH:D011471), pancreatic cancer (MESH:D010190), hepatoma (MESH:D006528), stem cell carcinoma (MESH:D002280), glioblastoma (MESH:D005909), tissue injury (MESH:D017695), lymph node metastasis (MESH:D008207), breast cancer (MESH:D001943), mesothelioma (MESH:D008654), ovarian cancer (MESH:D010051), osteolysis (MESH:D010014), prostate hyperplasia (MESH:D011470), bone metastasis (MESH:D009362), CRC (MESH:D015179)
- **Chemicals:** paclitaxel (MESH:D017239), pyruvate (MESH:D019289), oxygen (MESH:D010100), gemcitabine (MESH:D000093542), taxane (MESH:C080625), docetaxel (MESH:D000077143), glutamine (MESH:D005973), lipid (MESH:D008055), dexamethasone (MESH:D003907), cisplatin (MESH:D002945), CAR-T (-), Fisetin (MESH:C017875), adriamycin (MESH:D004317)
- **Species:** Mus musculus (house mouse, species) [taxon 10090], Cricetus cricetus (black-bellied hamster, species) [taxon 10034], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]

## Full text

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## Figures

3 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12921707/full.md

## References

94 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12921707/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12921707