# Relationship between water hardness, pH, and organic acid requirement for effective water acidification in swine operations

## TL;DR

This study shows that the amount of acid needed to lower water pH in swine operations depends on water hardness and initial pH, and suggests individual water testing is needed for accurate acidification.

## Contribution

The study reveals that water hardness and initial pH inversely affect acid requirements, and that acid titration data can predict requirements for different acids and pH targets.

## Key findings

- Higher water hardness and calcium/magnesium levels require more citric acid to reach pH 4.0.
- Higher initial pH water surprisingly requires less acid to reach pH 4.0.
- CitraSol and Activate WD Max acid amounts are linearly related for pH 4.0 titration.

## Abstract

A total of 45 water samples from swine production sites across six states were used to determine the amount of CitraSol (Northwest Livestock Distribution, Medina, MN), a citric acid product, required to reduce water pH to a common end point. Water samples were analyzed for pH, Ca, Mg, and hardness. Total hardness was calculated using Ca and Mg concentrations and expressed as mg of CaCO3/L. Water hardness ranged from 142 to 1,181 mg CaCO3/L with an average of 441.2 mg CaCO3/L. Initial pH ranged from 7.42 to 8.47 with an average of 7.91. In triplicate, CitraSol was added to 10 mL samples of each water source to reach a stable pH of 5.0 and 4.0 ± 0.05. An inverse relationship between water hardness and initial pH was observed (quadratic, P = 0.002; R2 = 0.22). The amount of CitraSol required to reach a stable pH of 4.0 increased (quadratic, P <0.001) as hardness, Ca, and Mg increased (R2 = 0.30, 0.27, 0.28, respectively). Surprisingly, high initial pH water required less (quadratic, P <0.001; R2 = 0.31) CitraSol to reach a pH of 4.0. We hypothesize this was partially due to the reduction in the amount of free Ca ions as the water becomes more alkaline in nature. A sub sample of the water samples was titrated using Activate WD Max (Novus International, Chesterfield, MO) to determine if the amount of acid required to reduce water pH to the same common end point was acid specific. A direct relationship between the amount of CitraSol and Activate WD Max (linear, P <0.001; R2 = 0.87) to reach a pH of 4.0 was observed, suggesting that data from one acid may allow prediction of the quantity required of another acid to reach the same target pH. Similarly, titrating to a pH of 5.0 can predict the amount of acid required to reach a pH of 4.0 (linear, P <0.001; R2 = 0.99). In conclusion, pH, Ca, Mg, and hardness cannot fully predict the amount of acid required to reach a stable water pH of 4.0. However, relationships were observed that can partially explain the variation in the amount of acid required. This data suggests that acid titrations of individual water sources should be completed to determine the amount of acid required to reach a final pH of 4.0.

Individual water sources for swine require different levels of acidifiers to reach a final targeted water pH.