# Components of Panax ginseng and Rhodiola rosea regulate mitophagy via the SIRT1/3-PGC-1α-NRF2 pathway to improve myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

## TL;DR

A combination of ginsenoside Rg1 and salidroside protects the heart from injury by improving mitochondrial health through a specific biological pathway.

## Contribution

The study reveals a novel mechanism by which a natural compound combination protects the heart via the SIRT1/3-PGC-1α-NRF2 pathway and mitophagy regulation.

## Key findings

- PRC reduced infarct size and improved mitochondrial structure in a rat model of heart injury.
- PRC activated the SIRT1/3–PGC-1α–NRF2 pathway and modulated mitophagy to restore mitochondrial function.
- Silencing SIRT1 or SIRT3 eliminated the protective effects of PRC, confirming their essential roles.

## Abstract

The combination of ginsenoside Rg1 and salidroside (PRC) exhibits cardioprotective potential against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), yet its underlying mechanism remains unclear.

An in vivo rat model of MIRI and an in vitro H/R model using H9c2 cardiomyocyte were established. PRC was administered, and its effects on myocardial injury, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and endothelial markers were evaluated. Key proteins in the SIRT1/3-PGC-1α-NRF2 pathway and mitophagy (Beclin 1, p62, PINK1, Parkin, TOM20) were analyzed by Western blot. The functional necessity of SIRT1/3 was validated using siRNA knockdown.

PRC reduced infarct size, ameliorated mitochondrial ultrastructure, and attenuated oxidative stress in vivo. In vitro, PRC enhanced cell viability, restored ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential, and suppressed ROS production ROS. Mechanistically, PRC activated the SIRT1/3–PGC-1α–NRF2 axis, normalized PINK1/Parkin expression, preserved mitochondrial content (indicated by restored TOM20 levels), and inhibited excessive autophagy (evidenced by downregulated Beclin1 and upregulated p62). Notably, silencing SIRT1 or SIRT3 abolished these protective effects, confirming their essential upstream regulatory roles.

PRC attenuates MIRI by activating the SIRT1/3–PGC-1α–NRF2 pathway to modulate PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy, thereby restoring mitochondrial homeostasis. Our study elucidates a novel mechanism underlying this natural product combination and highlights the SIRT1/3 axis as a promising therapeutic target for cardioprotection.