# The equity implications of exposure to industrial livestock operations

## TL;DR

This paper shows that low-income Hispanic and African American households in North Carolina face higher exposure to pollution from industrial livestock operations compared to white households.

## Contribution

The study provides new evidence on racial and income disparities in exposure to industrial livestock pollution, particularly highlighting differences in water source dependence.

## Key findings

- Low-income Hispanic households show higher exposure to hog and poultry CAFOs compared to white households.
- Exposure gaps increase with income for African American households, especially regarding hog farms.
- Households using private wells experience larger exposure disparities compared to those on community water systems.

## Abstract

Concentrated animal feeding operations, particularly hog and poultry farms, have expanded rapidly in North Carolina in recent decades. The air and water pollution they generate cause many environmental and health problems for local communities [40 CFR sec. 122.23(b); US Government Accountability Office (2008)]. Combining farm-level data with address- and household-level data on race and income in North Carolina, we non-parametrically describe exposure to hog and poultry CAFOs by race-income characteristics. We further examine the differences in exposure by household water sources – private wells versus community water systems. Results show strong evidence of disproportionate exposure for low-income Hispanic relative to white households. This exposure gap falls with income, but the gap between African American and white households rises with income, particularly in the case of hogs. These gaps in exposure are larger for those households dependent upon private wells.