# Structure-function analysis of the lithium-ion selectivity of the voltage-gated sodium channel

## TL;DR

This paper identifies the molecular basis for lithium ion selectivity in sodium channels, which could lead to new treatments for neurological disorders.

## Contribution

The study introduces the first prokaryotic sodium channel mutant with higher lithium selectivity than sodium.

## Key findings

- A prokaryotic Nav mutant conducts Li+ twice as efficiently as Na+.
- Electrophysiological and crystallographic analyses reveal atomic determinants for Li+ permeation.
- Strong electrostatic interactions and fewer hydration water exchanges enhance Li+ selectivity.

## Abstract

Navs exhibit high Li+ selectivity similar to Na+. We present the first prokaryotic Nav mutant that conducts Li+ with approximately twice the efficiency of Na+. Electrophysiological and crystallographic analyses suggest atomic determinants that facilitate Li+ permeation through the ion pore.

Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) selectively conduct Na+ to generate action potentials. Na+ permeates Navs with significantly higher efficiency than many other cations, but Li+ can also permeate Navs to an extent comparable with Na+. Li+ in the blood is known to enter cells via Navs and to have a beneficial effect on various neuropathies. However, the molecular basis of the high Li+ selectivity of Navs was unclear. In this study, using a prokaryotic Nav, we successfully created the first Nav mutant to be more selective for Li+ than for Na+. Electrophysiological and crystallographic analyses suggested the critical determinants of high Li+ selectivity: the strong electrostatic interaction between the ion pathway and hydrated ions, and the smaller number of hydration water exchanges within the ion pathway. Additionally, the extensive interactions around the ion pathway were shown to support monovalent cation selectivity. New drug directions based on the molecular basis for Li+ permeation may target various neurological disorders and could clarify the broader biological effects of lithium.