# Epidemiological investigation of perinatal depression among pregnant and postpartum women: findings from a cross-sectional survey in the Philippines

## TL;DR

This study found that over 60% of Filipino mothers experience perinatal depression, with younger and single mothers at higher risk, and prenatal care linked to lower symptoms.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the high prevalence of perinatal depression in the Philippines and identifies key risk and protective factors specific to the local population.

## Key findings

- 69.1% of pregnant and 62.0% of postpartum women in the Philippines reported clinically significant depressive symptoms.
- Younger (18–24 years) and single mothers had higher postpartum depressive symptom prevalence compared to older and married mothers.
- Adequate prenatal care was associated with reduced depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum.

## Abstract

This study investigated perinatal depressive symptoms among pregnant and postpartum Filipino women.

Cross-sectional survey.

The Philippines.

Participants were recruited online and face-to-face from maternal care facilities.

Perinatal depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score, with prevalence calculated based on ≥13 cut-off, indicating clinically significant symptoms of depression. Patterns of depressive symptoms were examined by demographics, perinatal time period and other obstetric information using adjusted regression coefficients (ab) and risk ratios (aRR).

A total of 856 women participated in the study, comprising 356 pregnant and 500 postpartum women. EPDS scores were, on average, similar between pregnant (14.4) and postpartum women (14.1). Using the locally validated cut-off of ≥13 revealed that 69.1% of pregnant and 62.0% of postpartum women reported clinically significant depressive symptoms. Consistent EPDS scores and prevalence were observed across pregnancy trimesters and within 12 months postpartum and beyond. Women who received adequate prenatal care were less likely to experience antenatal (ab=−1.59, 95% CI −3.13 to −0.05) and postpartum (ab=−1.30, 95% CI −2.48 to −0.12) depressive symptoms. Postpartum EPDS scores and depressive symptom prevalence (EPDS score ≥13) were higher among 18–24-year olds (ab=1.96, 95% CI 0.30 to 3.61; aRR=1.23, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.47) and single mothers (ab=3.46, 95% CI 0.22 to 6.71; aRR=1.42, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.90), compared with older and married mothers, respectively.

At least 60% Filipino mothers experienced clinically significant perinatal depressive symptoms, which exceeds the established global average of 25%. Younger and single postpartum women were at greater risk, while pregnant and postpartum women who attended adequate prenatal visits were less likely to report depressive symptoms. Our study underscores the need for further research to uncover the true burden of poor perinatal mental health and calls for targeted early interventions and integrative public health strategies to support at-risk mothers, particularly those from socially disadvantaged backgrounds.