# The role of residential urban form and built environment in supporting social interaction, health, and well-being: a focus on forming and maintaining ties

## TL;DR

This study shows how urban design affects forming and maintaining social connections, which are crucial for health and well-being.

## Contribution

The study distinguishes between tie formation and tie maintenance, linking them to different built environment features.

## Key findings

- Urban areas support tie maintenance but not tie formation.
- Walkability near home supports both types of social interaction.
- Parks near daily destinations promote tie formation.

## Abstract

Social interaction is essential for health and well-being, given the growing public health concern of social isolation and loneliness. The role of the built environment in supporting social interaction has been widely studied. However, previous research has often treated social interaction as a single, undifferentiated category, although different types of interaction may serve distinct social functions and be influenced by different environmental factors. Moreover, most studies have focused primarily on residential neighborhood contexts. This study addresses these key gaps by distinguishing between two types of social interaction—tie formation and tie maintenance—and by examining built environment characteristics across broader, individualized multidimensional activity space models.

Using data from a Public Participatory GIS (PPGIS) survey (n = 386) in Turku, Finland, this study analyzed how residential urban form and built environment features relate to tie formation and tie maintenance. Built environment features were assessed using three activity space models: 500-meter home buffer, combined buffer around home and daily destinations, and individualized activity range spanning between home and destinations. Structural Equation Modeling was used to examine how these factors influence each type of social interaction and associated psychosocial outcomes.

Residing in urban areas was significantly associated with tie maintenance but not with tie formation. Walkability around the home supported both types of interaction, whereas parks and green spaces near daily destinations were positively associated with tie formation. A similar pattern was observed within individualized activity ranges, where park ratio predicted tie formation. These two types of social interaction influenced psychosocial outcomes through distinct pathways: tie formation had direct positive effects on health and well-being, while tie maintenance contributed indirectly through increased relationship satisfaction.

The findings emphasize the importance of distinguishing between different types of social interaction and accounting for their unique spatial and functional drivers. Urban planning and public health efforts should consider how different aspects of the built environment foster both the formation and maintenance of social ties. Promoting environments that support diverse forms of social interaction is essential not only for enhancing health and well-being but also for reducing the risk of loneliness.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12942-026-00451-z.