# Detection of dengue virus serotype 2 in local Aedes aegypti populations, Madeira Island, Portugal, 2025

## TL;DR

Researchers found dengue virus serotype 2 in mosquitoes in Madeira Island, confirming local transmission despite low mosquito activity and linking it to a human case.

## Contribution

This study provides the first evidence of DENV-2 lineage 2II_F.1.1.3 in Madeira's Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and confirms its presence in a human case.

## Key findings

- DENV-2 lineage 2II_F.1.1.3 was detected in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected near a suspected human case in Madeira.
- The same virus was confirmed in one of the two clinical cases, establishing a direct link between human and mosquito infections.
- Local transmission occurred during a period of low mosquito abundance and low climatic suitability for dengue.

## Abstract

Since 2010, dengue virus (DENV) has caused sporadic outbreaks across Europe, namely in Croatia, Spain, France, Italy and the Portuguese island of Madeira. Aedes aegypti mosquito is established in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, and along the eastern Black Sea coast of Cyprus. In Madeira Island, an outbreak of DENV serotype 1 occurred between 2012 and 2013, resulting in 1080 confirmed cases. Despite ongoing entomological surveillance, no further local transmission was detected in the following decade.

In January 2025, following two suspected dengue cases on Madeira Island, increased entomological surveillance efforts were implemented to confirm a local event transmission of DENV. A network of mosquito traps was complemented by targeted surveillance using 17 BG-PRO traps positioned in the vicinity of suspected human cases. Daily collections of adult A. aegypti, collected from 10 January to 31 March 2025, were screened by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for Aedes-borne viruses in the reference laboratory. Viral sequencing was performed using target enrichment and bioinformatics with INSaFLU-TELEVIR. The climate-driven suitability for dengue transmission by A. aegypti was also investigated. Serological and molecular tests were conducted on samples from suspected human cases.

Out of 80 analysed A. aegypti pools (N = 393 mosquitoes), 1 pool, with 9 mosquitoes collected near the home of suspected human cases, tested positive for DENV. The dengue whole genome sequence from this sample was determined and classified as DENV-2 lineage 2II_F.1.1.3. The same virus was retrospectively confirmed in one of the clinical cases. Analysis of mosquito abundance and climate data confirmed the occurrence of this local transmission event during a period of low mosquito abundance and low climatic suitability.

Here, we report an in-depth analysis of a local dengue transmission event that occurred in Funchal, the capital of Madeira Island, in January 2025, with whole-genome evidence of DENV-2II_F.1.1.3 in field-caught A. aegypti mosquitoes. Retrospective analysis confirmed the presence of the same virus in one of the two clinical cases, establishing a direct link between human and mosquito infections, and highlighting the risk of off-season arboviral introductions.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-026-07251-1.