# Oral and maxillofacial manifestations of COVID-19 **Authors:** Pooja Palwankar, Jaganbabu Palaniappan, Kavitha Kuttappan, Ruchi Pandey, Shalu Verma, Amit Bhardwaj, Karthik Shunmugavelu PMC · DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000614 · GMS Hygiene and Infection Control · 2026-01-12 ## TL;DR This paper summarizes the various oral and facial symptoms observed in patients with COVID-19, such as ulcers, swelling, and taste changes. ## Contribution The study provides a comprehensive overview of previously reported oral and maxillofacial manifestations of COVID-19. ## Key findings - Oral symptoms include inflamed mucosal areas, ulcers, and tongue changes. - Loss of taste and altered taste perception are common pre-COVID symptoms. - Manifestations include swelling, necrosis, and pigmentation in affected regions. ## Abstract An overview of oral and maxillofacial manifestations associated with COVID-19 is provided. The symptoms range from white, red and mixed inflamed mucosal areas, necrosis, swelling, ulcers, vesicle, bulla, pustule, pigmentation, depapillated and fissured tongue and bleeding in the ulcers. Pre-COVID symptoms included complete loss of taste, along with reduced sense of taste and alterations in the taste perception. ## Linked entities - **Diseases:** COVID-19 (MONDO:0100096) ## Full-text entities - **Genes:** MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) [NCBI Gene 2475] {aka FRAP, FRAP1, FRAP2, RAFT1, RAPT1, SKS} - **Diseases:** diarrhoea (MESH:D003967), Hemorrhages (MESH:D006470), lesions (MESH:D009059), nausea (MESH:D009325), angular cheilitis (MESH:D002613), vomiting (MESH:D014839), Steven-Johnson syndrome (MESH:D013262), vesiculobullous lesions (MESH:D012872), neurological dysfunctions (MESH:D009461), White lesions (MESH:D014912), Sweet syndrome (MESH:D016463), fever (MESH:D005334), Altered sense of taste (MESH:D004408), pain (MESH:D010146), headache (MESH:D006261), conditions (MESH:D020763), ulcerative periodontitis (MESH:D010518), inflammation (MESH:D007249), gastrointestinal symptoms (MESH:D012817), vasculitis (MESH:D014657), taste disorder (MESH:D013651), Post inflammatory pigmentation (MESH:D010859), pemphigoid (MESH:D010391), face (MESH:C536384), ABH (MESH:D000787), graft versus host disease (MESH:D006086), Auto-immune diseases (MESH:C538437), anorexia (MESH:D000855), edema (MESH:D004487), erythroplasia (MESH:D004919), EM (MESH:D004892), diminished taste sensation (MESH:D020886), osteonecrosis (MESH:D010020), diabetes (MESH:D003920), oral lichen planus (MESH:D017676), lung diseases (MESH:D008171), candidiasis (MESH:D002177), Kawasaki like disease (MESH:D009080), Ageusia (MESH:D000370), myalgia (MESH:D063806), dry mouth (MESH:D014987), Mucositis (MESH:D052016), complete absence of taste (MESH:C562989), facial paralysis (MESH:D005158), Aphthous ulcer (MESH:D013281), pemphigus (MESH:D010392), necrosis (MESH:D009336), Necrotizing periodontal disease (MESH:D010510), death (MESH:D003643), Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MESH:D008556), sore throat (MESH:D010612), tremors (MESH:D014202), viral infections (MESH:D014777), excess sputum production (MESH:D006970), pressure ulcers (MESH:D003668), vitamin deficiency (MESH:D014802), gingivitis (MESH:D005891), cough (MESH:D003371), arthralgia (MESH:D018771), erosion (MESH:D014077) - **Chemicals:** iron (MESH:D007501), anthracyclines (MESH:D018943) - **Species:** Gammacoronavirus (genus) [taxon 694013], Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (no rank) [taxon 2697049], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606] ## Full text _Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12914503/full.md ## References 44 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12914503/full.md --- Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12914503