# Watching sports events and residents’ subjective well-being: evidence from the CGSS and the potential roles of health and social capital

## TL;DR

Watching sports events is linked to higher well-being, especially in China's western regions and among men, with social and health factors playing a role.

## Contribution

This study identifies regional and demographic patterns in the well-being benefits of sports spectatorship and explores mediating mechanisms like health and social capital.

## Key findings

- Watching sports events is positively associated with subjective well-being, especially in China's western regions.
- The association is strongest for men and high-school-educated residents.
- Social capital and physical health partially explain the well-being benefits of watching sports events.

## Abstract

Investigating the association between watching sports events and residents’ subjective well-being and the potential mediating mechanisms advances understanding of the positive psychological correlates of sports spectatorship and provides a basis for efforts to support well-being and promote social harmony.

Based on 8 years of the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) data spanning 2010–2023, we employed OLS regressions with province and survey-year dummy variables, Ordered Probit and Ordered Logit regressions, and propensity score matching (PSM) to examine the association between watching sports events and subjective well-being. We also tested whether health capital and social capital statistically accounted for part of this association.

Watching sports events was positively associated with subjective well-being, and the association remained after heterogeneity analyses and selection-adjustment checks. The association was strongest in the West, followed by the Central and the East. It was significant for men but not for women. By education, the association was largest among high-school-educated residents, smaller but significant among those with college and above, and not significant among those with primary or lower-secondary education. Mediation analyses were consistent with social capital (social class, social trust, and social support) and physical health, statistically accounting for part of the association between watching sports events and subjective well-being; by contrast, mental health did not emerge as a primary statistical pathway.

These results advance knowledge of how watching sports events relates to well-being and offer policy-relevant insights for promoting happiness through accessible, low-cost leisure engagement, while also acknowledging potential downsides of excessive viewing.