# A deep Siamese network framework for precision phage selection in pulmonary infections

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a deep learning framework to accurately select phages for treating resistant pulmonary infections, improving phage therapy potential.

## Contribution

A novel deep Siamese network framework for precise phage–host interaction prediction in pulmonary infections.

## Key findings

- The proposed method outperforms existing approaches in identifying phages targeting specific bacterial hosts.
- Integration of CNNs and Transformers enhances the extraction of both local and global genomic features.
- The framework shows potential for clinical application in phage therapy for resistant pulmonary infections.

## Abstract

Pulmonary infections pose a significant global health challenge to human life and health. In patients with chronic pulmonary diseases such as cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis, structural abnormalities of the airways and impaired mucociliary clearance contribute to recurrent and challenging pulmonary infections. These infections are frequently complicated by antimicrobial resistance, making them difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics. As a result, phage therapy has emerged as a promising alternative for treating resistant pulmonary infections. Recently, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) has improved the efficiency of phage selection. Nevertheless, the accuracy of predicting phage–bacterial host interactions remains limited, posing a significant obstacle to the clinical translation of phage-based therapies. To address this issue, we propose a deep Siamese network framework for precision phage selection in pulmonary infections. Specifically, we employ an identical model architecture to process both phage and host genomes. Initially, the genomic sequences of both phages and hosts are encoded into feature representations using k-mer segmentation followed by the skip-gram model. Subsequently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and Transformers are introduced to extract local and global features, respectively. Finally, the extracted features are fused to predict phage–host interactions. Experimental results on dataset created from the NCBI genome database demonstrate that our proposed method achieves superior performance in the precise identification of phages targeting specific bacterial hosts, thereby supporting its potential application in phage therapy for pulmonary infections.