# The effectiveness of digital interventions for enhancing empathy in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

## TL;DR

Digital interventions can slightly improve empathy in adults, but their effectiveness is limited compared to active control methods.

## Contribution

This study provides a meta-analysis showing small effects of digital interventions on empathy in adults.

## Key findings

- Digital interventions showed a small overall effect on empathy (g = 0.19) in 24 studies.
- Effect size decreased and became non-significant after adjusting for publication bias.
- Follow-up data showed a small, robust effect (g = 0.29) in six studies.

## Abstract

The current study examined the effectiveness of digital interventions for enhancing empathy in adults. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions compared with non-specific (i.e., not intended to be therapeutic) and active control conditions (i.e., intended to be therapeutic). Across 24 studies, including 26 comparisons (n = 3,137), the overall estimated effect size was statistically significant (g = 0.19, 95% CI [0.05, 0.32], p = .006). However, when accounting for publication bias using trim-and-fill analysis, the estimated effect size became smaller and non-significant (g = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.22], p = .322). Studies with follow-up data were analyzed separately (k = 6), yielding a small effect (g = 0.29, 95% CI [0.07,0.5], p = .008) which was robust to trim-and-fill analysis. No significant moderators were identified. An exploratory analysis of studies separated by control group type revealed a small positive effect for studies with non-specific control groups (g = 0.22, 95% CI [0.12, 0.33], p < .001) which was robust to trim-and-fill analysis. The results suggest there is potential for digital interventions to have a positive impact on enhancement of empathy in adults, although digital interventions do not appear to outperform active control conditions. For digital interventions to most fully deliver on their potential, they may require more advanced technology that can offer attuned interaction that mimics a human relationship, as well as offer feedback to participants.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-025-08981-8.