# Abdominal ultrasound activates afferent vagus nerve fibers and induces anti-inflammatory effects

## TL;DR

Abdominal ultrasound reduces inflammation by activating the vagus nerve, offering a noninvasive way to treat inflammatory diseases.

## Contribution

This study identifies afferent vagal nerve activation as a key mechanism behind the anti-inflammatory effects of abdominal ultrasound.

## Key findings

- Abdominal ultrasound reduces plasma TNF-α levels in a mouse model of endotoxemia.
- The anti-inflammatory effect is blocked by vagotomy or afferent vagal blockade.
- Ultrasound increases vagus nerve activity and c-Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius.

## Abstract

Abdominal ultrasound has emerged as a noninvasive modality with immunomodulatory potential. Although its anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in various disease models, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies suggest that ultrasound promotes anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) signaling in the spleen. However, the upstream events initiating this response have not been elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that abdominal ultrasound activates afferent vagal fibers and suppress systemic inflammation. In a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia, abdominal ultrasound significantly reduced plasma TNF-α levels. This anti-inflammatory effect was attenuated by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (SDVx) or afferent vagal blockade. Electrophysiological recordings revealed increased cervical vagus nerve activity during ultrasound stimulation, which was eliminated by intraperitoneal lidocaine, confirming activation of abdominal sensory afferents. Furthermore, abdominal ultrasound induced c-Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), consistent with central activation via vagal afferent input. These findings provide direct mechanistic evidence that abdominal ultrasound stimulates afferent vagal pathways.