# Exploring the role of gelsolin and high-density lipoproteins in autoimmune diseases: spotlight on rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus **Authors:** Julián Pérez-Ocampo, Juan C Hernandez PMC · DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqag002 · Oxford Open Immunology · 2026-01-25 ## TL;DR This paper reviews the potential role of gelsolin and high-density lipoproteins as biomarkers in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. ## Contribution The paper highlights new immunomodulatory roles of gelsolin and high-density lipoproteins in autoimmune disease pathology. ## Key findings - Gelsolin is involved in immune regulation and inflammation in autoimmune diseases. - High-density lipoproteins have emerging roles in immune and inflammatory processes beyond lipid transport. - These biomolecules may serve as novel markers for disease activity and progression. ## Abstract Rheumatological systemic autoimmune diseases constitute a significant health problem globally due to their chronicity, potentially permanent incapacity and higher mortality rates. Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are among the most common of these diseases. Although there is a substantial body of research on these autoimmune diseases, there is still a need to identify better biomarkers of disease activity and progression. In this context, gelsolin and high-density lipoproteins arise as novel biomarkers from the perspective of immunomodulation and their role in the immunopathology of autoimmune diseases. Gelsolin is an actin cytoskeleton remodeling protein involved in immune regulatory mechanisms related to inflammation. High-density lipoproteins are plasmatic cargo molecules involved in reverse lipid transport, whereas their study in autoimmunity has focused on their value as cardiovascular risk predictors. However, new functions of these proteins related to immune and inflammation regulation have also been described recently. Therefore, this review aims to provide insight into the role of these biomolecules and their implications in the immunopathology and immunomodulation of autoimmune diseases from the perspective of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. ## Linked entities - **Proteins:** LOC6036071 (gelsolin, cytoplasmic) - **Diseases:** rheumatoid arthritis (MONDO:0008383), systemic lupus erythematosus (MONDO:0007915) ## Full-text entities - **Genes:** TNF (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 7124] {aka DIF, IMD127, TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, TNLG1F}, MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) [NCBI Gene 2475] {aka FRAP, FRAP1, FRAP2, RAFT1, RAPT1, SKS}, CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4) [NCBI Gene 1493] {aka ALPS5, CD, CD152, CELIAC3, CTLA-4, GRD4}, APOA1 (apolipoprotein A1) [NCBI Gene 335] {aka AMYLD3, HPALP2, apo(a)}, APOA2 (apolipoprotein A2) [NCBI Gene 336] {aka APOA2D, Apo-AII, ApoA-II, apoAII}, TLR4 (toll like receptor 4) [NCBI Gene 7099] {aka ARMD10, CD284, TLR-4, TOLL}, AKT1 (AKT serine/threonine kinase 1) [NCBI Gene 207] {aka AKT, PKB, PKB-ALPHA, PRKBA, RAC, RAC-ALPHA}, Abca1 (ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A member 1) [NCBI Gene 11303] {aka ABC-1, Abc1}, Tnf (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 21926] {aka DIF, TNF-a, TNF-alpha, TNFSF2, TNFalpha, Tnfa}, HDL3 (Huntington-like neurodegenerative disorder 2) [NCBI Gene 53369] {aka HLN2}, RHO (rhodopsin) [NCBI Gene 6010] {aka CSNBAD1, OPN2, RP4}, PRRT2 (proline rich transmembrane protein 2) [NCBI Gene 112476] {aka BFIC2, BFIS2, DSPB3, DYT10, EKD1, FICCA}, HSPG2 (heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2) [NCBI Gene 3339] {aka HSPG, PLC, PRCAN, SJA, SJS, SJS1}, Abcg1 (ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 1) [NCBI Gene 11307] {aka Abc8, White}, IL1B (interleukin 1 beta) [NCBI Gene 3553] {aka IL-1, IL1-BETA, IL1F2, IL1beta}, CGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase) [NCBI Gene 115004] {aka C6orf150, D4, MB21D1, h-cGAS}, GNS (glucosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase) [NCBI Gene 2799] {aka G6S}, MPO (myeloperoxidase) [NCBI Gene 4353], APOH (apolipoprotein H) [NCBI Gene 350] {aka B2G1, B2GP1, BG}, CLU (clusterin) [NCBI Gene 1191] {aka AAG4, APO-J, APOJ, CLI, CLU1, CLU2}, CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) [NCBI Gene 1071] {aka BPIFF, HDLCQ10}, SLC44A4 (solute carrier family 44 member 4) [NCBI Gene 80736] {aka C6orf29, CTL4, DFNA72, NG22, TPPT, hTPPT1}, LPL (lipoprotein lipase) [NCBI Gene 4023] {aka HDLCQ11, LIPD}, PON1 (paraoxonase 1) [NCBI Gene 5444] {aka ESA, MVCD5, PON}, APOM (apolipoprotein M) [NCBI Gene 55937] {aka G3a, HSPC336, NG20, apo-M}, APOA4 (apolipoprotein A4) [NCBI Gene 337] {aka ADTKD6}, SAA [NCBI Gene 6287], GSN (gelsolin) [NCBI Gene 2934] {aka ADF, AGEL, AMYLD4}, JUNB (JunB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit) [NCBI Gene 3726] {aka AP-1}, CASP3 (caspase 3) [NCBI Gene 836] {aka CPP32, CPP32B, SCA-1}, PIK3CB (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta) [NCBI Gene 5291] {aka P110BETA, PI3K, PI3KBETA, PIK3C1}, APOE (apolipoprotein E) [NCBI Gene 348] {aka AD2, APO-E, ApoE4, LDLCQ5, LPG}, Ptx3 (pentraxin related gene) [NCBI Gene 19288] {aka TSG-14}, TNFRSF1B (TNF receptor superfamily member 1B) [NCBI Gene 7133] {aka CD120b, TBPII, TNF-R-II, TNF-R75, TNFBR, TNFR1B}, NFKB1 (nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1) [NCBI Gene 4790] {aka CVID12, EBP-1, KBF1, NF-kB, NF-kB1, NF-kappa-B1}, IFNA1 (interferon alpha 1) [NCBI Gene 3439] {aka IFL, IFN, IFN-ALPHA, IFN-alphaD, IFNA13, IFNA@}, Apoa1 (apolipoprotein A-I) [NCBI Gene 11806] {aka Alp-1, Apoa-1, Brp-14, Ltw-1, Lvtw-1, Sep-1}, APOB (apolipoprotein B) [NCBI Gene 338] {aka FCHL2, FLDB, LDLCQ4, apoB-100, apoB-48}, Myd88 (myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88) [NCBI Gene 17874], CASP10 (caspase 10) [NCBI Gene 843] {aka ALPS2, FLICE-2, FLICE2, MCH4}, Pla2g7 (phospholipase A2, group VII (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, plasma)) [NCBI Gene 27226] {aka PAF-AH}, LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase) [NCBI Gene 3931], STING1 (stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1) [NCBI Gene 340061] {aka ERIS, MITA, MPYS, NET23, SAVI, STING}, TICAM1 (TIR domain containing adaptor molecule 1) [NCBI Gene 148022] {aka IIAE6, MyD88-3, PRVTIRB, TICAM-1, TRIF} - **Diseases:** colorectal cancer (MESH:D015179), pGSN (MESH:C000657784), skin affliction (MESH:D012871), atherosclerosis (MESH:D050197), Rheumatological systemic autoimmune diseases (MESH:D020274), brain injury (MESH:D001930), complement (MESH:D007153), death (MESH:D003643), RA (MESH:D001172), fibrosis (MESH:D005355), neurodegenerative damage (MESH:D019636), diseases (MESH:D004194), trauma (MESH:D014947), chronic inflammation (MESH:D007249), rheumatic diseases (MESH:D012216), rheumatic fever (MESH:D012213), schizophrenia (MESH:D012559), health (OMIM:603663), joint pain (MESH:D018771), rheumatoid factor (MESH:D001171), immunological disorder (MESH:D007154), diabetes (MESH:D003920), pSS (MESH:D012859), plaque (MESH:D003773), cardiovascular diseases (MESH:D002318), infection (MESH:D007239), familial amyloidosis (MESH:D028226), AS (MESH:D013167), systemic (MESH:D015619), carditis (MESH:D009205), diabetes mellitus type I (MESH:D003922), liver injury (MESH:D017093), Pneumonia (MESH:D011014), Autoimmune diseases (MESH:D001327), EAE (MESH:D004681), inflammatory bowel disease (MESH:D015212), renal damage (MESH:D007674), piHDL (MESH:D052456), skin rashes (MESH:D005076), lymphoma (MESH:D008223), scleroderma (MESH:D012595), sepsis (MESH:D018805), infectious diseases (MESH:D003141), CAP (MESH:D003147), SLE (MESH:D008180), ARDS (MESH:D012128), synovial membrane hyperplasia (MESH:D006965), atopic dermatitis (MESH:D003876), psoriasis (MESH:D011565), immune dysregulation (OMIM:614878), thyroiditis (MESH:D013966), arthritic (MESH:D015535), MS (MESH:D009103) - **Chemicals:** sphingomyelin (MESH:D013109), Ca2+ (-), glycosphingolipids (MESH:D006028), PIP2 (MESH:D019269), LPS (MESH:D008070), Lipid (MESH:D008055), methotrexate (MESH:D008727), IP3 (MESH:D015544), S1P (MESH:C060506), phospholipids (MESH:D010743), ROS (MESH:D017382), Cholesterol (MESH:D002784), DAG (MESH:D004075) - **Species:** Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Mus musculus (house mouse, species) [taxon 10090], Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (no rank) [taxon 2697049], Nicotiana tabacum (American tobacco, species) [taxon 4097] - **Cell lines:** SW620 — Homo sapiens (Human), Colon adenocarcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0547), YTS — Homo sapiens (Human), Natural killer cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_D324) ## Full text _Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12910385/full.md ## Figures 4 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12910385/full.md ## References 109 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12910385/full.md --- Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12910385