# Evaluation of Large Language Models for Radiologists’ Support in Multidisciplinary Breast Cancer Teams: Comparative Study

## TL;DR

This study compares how well large language models and radiologists perform in breast cancer diagnostics, finding that some AI models can support clinical decisions but lack full human-level expertise.

## Contribution

The study evaluates LLMs' diagnostic performance in breast cancer care and compares them to radiologists using standardized guidelines.

## Key findings

- ChatGPT-4o mini and Claude models outperformed physician groups in some diagnostic areas but without statistical significance.
- ChatGLM and Ernie Bot 3.5 underperformed compared to all physician groups.
- LLMs like ChatGPT-4o and Claude 3 Opus showed potential for clinical support but cannot fully replace human decision-making in complex cases.

## Abstract

Artificial intelligence tools, particularly large language models (LLMs), have shown considerable potential across various domains. However, their performance in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer remains unknown.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of LLMs in supporting radiologists within multidisciplinary breast cancer teams, with a focus on their roles in facilitating informed clinical decisions and enhancing patient care.

A set of 50 questions covering radiological and breast cancer guidelines was developed to assess breast cancer. These questions were posed to 9 popular LLMs and clinical physicians, with the expectation of receiving direct “Yes” or “No” answers along with supporting analysis. The performances of the 9 models, including ChatGPT-4.0, ChatGPT-4o, ChatGPT-4o mini, Claude 3 Opus, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, Gemini 1.5 Pro, Tongyi Qianwen 2.5, ChatGLM, and Ernie Bot 3.5, were evaluated against that of radiologists with varying experience levels (resident physicians, fellow physicians, and attending physicians). Responses were assessed for accuracy, confidence, and consistency based on alignment with the 2024 National Comprehensive Cancer Network Breast Cancer Guidelines and the 2013 American College of Radiology Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System recommendations.

Claude 3 Opus and ChatGPT-4 achieved the highest confidence scores of 2.78 and 2.74, respectively, while ChatGPT-4o led in accuracy with a score of 2.92. In terms of response consistency, Claude 3 Opus and Claude 3.5 Sonnet led the pack with scores of 3.0, closely followed by ChatGPT-4o, Gemini 1.5 Pro, and ChatGPT-4o mini, all recording impressive scores exceeding 2.9. ChatGPT-4o mini excelled in clinical diagnostics with a top score of 3.0 among all LLMs, and this score was also higher than all physician groups; however, no statistically significant differences were observed between it and any physician group (all P>.05). ChatGPT-4 also had a higher score than the physician groups but showed comparable statistical performance to them (P>.05). Across radiological diagnostics, clinical diagnosis, and overall performance, ChatGPT-4o mini and the Claude models achieved higher mean scores than all physician groups. However, these differences were statistically significant only when compared to fellow physicians (P<.05). However, ChatGLM and Ernie Bot 3.5 underperformed across diagnostic areas, with lower scores than all physician groups but no statistically significant differences (all P>.05). Among physician groups, attending physicians and resident physicians exhibited comparable high scores in radiological diagnostic performance, whereas fellow physicians scored somewhat lower, though the difference was not statistically significant (P>.05).

LLMs such as ChatGPT-4o and Claude 3 Opus showed potential in supporting multidisciplinary teams for breast cancer diagnostics and therapy. However, they cannot fully replicate the intricate decision-making processes honed through clinical experience, particularly in complex cases. This highlights the need for ongoing artificial intelligence refinement to ensure robust clinical applicability.