Evaluation of brucellosis eradication strategies in water buffalo in a key dairy production area of southern Italy

TL;DR

This study compares strategies to eliminate brucellosis in water buffalo in southern Italy, finding that whole-herd depopulation is highly effective in reducing reinfection risks.

Contribution

The study provides empirical evidence that stamping out is more effective than selective culling for brucellosis control in high-density buffalo areas.

Findings

Stamping out reduced reinfection risk by 80% in high-density buffalo areas.

Co-infection with Mycobacterium bovis was not statistically linked to reinfection.

Biosecurity and One Health approaches are critical for sustainable eradication.

Abstract

Brucellosis in water buffalo remains endemic in southern Italy, particularly in areas of the province of Caserta characterized by high animal density. This retrospective cohort study (2016–2021) assessed the effectiveness of stamping out (whole-herd depopulation) versus selective culling in counteracting brucellosis in water buffalo herds. Data from 222 outbreaks were analyzed using Cox regression, incorporating herd size, buffalo density, eradication method, and co-infection with Mycobacterium bovis. Stamping out reduced reinfection risk by 80% (HR = 0.2; p < 0.001), especially in municipalities exceeding 200 buffaloes/km2. Co-infection with M. bovis was not statistically associated with reinfection. These results indicate that control strategies should prioritize stamping out, coupled with reinforced structural and operational biosecurity measures, even in high-density settings, to achieve disease-free status. Integrated surveillance and education, in line with One Health principles, are essential for sustainable eradication and protection of the buffalo dairy sector.

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