# Miliary Tuberculosis in an Elderly Woman: A Diagnostic Challenge in the Absence of Immunosuppression

## TL;DR

This paper discusses a challenging case of miliary tuberculosis in an elderly woman without immunosuppression, highlighting diagnostic difficulties in non-specific presentations.

## Contribution

The novelty lies in presenting a rare case of miliary tuberculosis in an elderly patient without immunosuppression, emphasizing diagnostic challenges.

## Key findings

- Elderly populations remain vulnerable to severe tuberculosis due to lack of vaccination and immunosenescence.
- Miliary tuberculosis can present insidiously and nonspecifically, complicating diagnosis in elderly patients.
- Extrapulmonary tuberculosis remains a diagnostic challenge, especially in those with metabolic comorbidities.

## Abstract

Currently, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection remains a major epidemiological health problem in developing countries. Although it primarily involves the lungs, this acid-fast bacillus can disseminate through lymphatic and hematogenous routes.

Over the past decades, the incidence of tuberculosis has significantly decreased, and vaccination campaigns have protected against severe forms such as meningeal and miliary tuberculosis. However, elderly populations remain vulnerable due to the absence of vaccination in earlier decades and the effects of immunosenescence. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis continues to pose a diagnostic challenge, particularly in patients with metabolic comorbidities. This report aims to describe the clinical and therapeutic characteristics of a case of miliary tuberculosis in an elderly patient with an insidious and nonspecific presentation.