# Mitochondria: the central hub linking exercise to enhanced cardiac function

## TL;DR

This paper explores how exercise improves heart health by enhancing mitochondrial function, which helps protect against the negative effects of a sedentary lifestyle.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of how exercise regulates mitochondrial function in the heart, linking it to improved cardiac health.

## Key findings

- Exercise improves mitochondrial respiration, calcium homeostasis, and dynamics in cardiomyocytes.
- Exercise reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in the heart, promoting cardiac health.
- Mitochondrial function is a core mechanism underlying the cardioprotective effects of exercise.

## Abstract

Sedentary lifestyle is a major risk factor for the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease, which remains one of the leading contributors to global morbidity and mortality. Beyond inducing endothelial dysfunction, prolonged sedentary patterns trigger chronic inflammation and disrupt endogenous antioxidant defenses, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes and subsequent impairment of cardiac health. In contrast, regular physical exercise serves as an effective lifestyle intervention that mitigates sedentary-related cardiac damage and improves cardiac function. Mitochondria, as central organelles governing cellular survival and death, are thought to play a pivotal role in mediating the cardioprotective effects of exercise. However, the precise mitochondrial mechanisms underlying these benefits remain incompletely defined. This review aims to summarize current evidence on how exercise regulates mitochondrial function in the heart, with particular emphasis on recent advances linking mitochondrial respiration, dynamics, calcium homeostasis, inflammatory signaling, and oxidative stress to cardiac health. We further propose that exercise-induced improvements in mitochondrial function constitute a core mechanism underlying its cardioprotective effects. By comparing mitochondrial alterations under sedentary and exercise conditions, we provide a clearer mechanistic perspective on how lifestyle behaviors shape cardiac health. Furthermore, this paper also discusses signaling pathways that position mitochondria as key targets of exercise-induced cardiac protection.

A diagram illustrates the effects of exercise on heart and mitochondrial function. A person running is linked to a heart and mitochondrion. Increased cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiac reserve, diastolic, and systolic functions are noted. Mitochondrial functions such as respiration, calcium homeostasis, and dynamics are enhanced, while oxidative stress and inflammation decrease.