# Peptide signaling at the intersection of growth, nutrient sensing, and stress responses

**Authors:** Patricia Zecua‐Ramirez, Vikram Jha, Martin Stegmann

PMC · DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70733 · 2026-02-15

## TL;DR

This review explores how plant peptides regulate growth, nutrient sensing, and stress responses by coordinating internal and external signals.

## Contribution

The paper highlights recent insights into the multifaceted roles of endogenous peptides in plant physiology.

## Key findings

- Endogenous peptides regulate growth and development through plasma membrane receptors.
- Peptides coordinate plant physiology with environmental conditions and stress responses.
- Peptide families show versatile functions, suggesting roles in integrating multiple signals.

## Abstract

Plant endogenous peptides emerge as central regulators of multiple aspects of plant physiology. They are secreted from cells and perceived by plasma membrane localized receptors, which activate downstream signaling pathways to regulate growth and development. In addition, endogenous peptides coordinate physiology with their environment. This includes nutrient sensing and stress responses, ranging from adaptations to adverse abiotic environments to the regulation of immune responses. Members of several endogenous peptide families exhibit versatile physiological functions, raising the question of whether they coordinate multiple endogenous and exogenous signals to confer physiological plasticity. In this review, we discuss recent insights into the multifacetted roles of peptides at the intersection of growth, nutrient sensing, and stress responses.

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** AT5G10020 (Leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase family protein) [NCBI Gene 830865] {aka SIRK1, T31P16.10, T31P16_10, sucrose-induced receptor kinase 1}, NCED3 (nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3) [NCBI Gene 820667] {aka 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE, ATNCED3, SALT TOLERANT 1, SIS7, STO1, SUGAR INSENSITIVE 7}, CPK28 (calcium-dependent protein kinase 28) [NCBI Gene 836753] {aka K2A18.29, K2A18_29, calcium-dependent protein kinase 28}, PIP1A (plasma membrane intrinsic protein 1A) [NCBI Gene 825316] {aka ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA PLASMA MEMBRANE INTRINSIC PROTEIN 1, ATPIP1, PIP1, PIP1;1, PLASMA MEMBRANE INTRINSIC PROTEIN 1, PLASMA MEMBRANE INTRINSIC PROTEIN 1;1}, XIP1 (Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein kinase family protein) [NCBI Gene 835028] {aka C-terminally encoded peptide receptor 1, CEPR1, MNI5.4, MNI5_4, XYLEM INTERMIXED WITH PHLOEM 1}, RTRAF (RNA transcription, translation and transport factor) [NCBI Gene 51637] {aka C14orf166, CGI-99, CGI99, CLE, CLE7, LCRP369}, PSY (PHYTOENE SYNTHASE) [NCBI Gene 831587] {aka PHYTOENE SYNTHASE}, NRT2:1 (nitrate transporter 2:1) [NCBI Gene 837327] {aka ACH1, ATNRT2.1, ATNRT2:1, LATERAL ROOT INITIATION 1, LIN1, NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1}, PEP7 (elicitor peptide 7 precursor) [NCBI Gene 5008207] {aka elicitor peptide 7 precursor}, BRI1 (Leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase family protein) [NCBI Gene 830095] {aka ATBRI1, BIN1, BR INSENSITIVE 1, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1, CABBAGE 2, CBB2}, PHYB (phytochrome B) [NCBI Gene 816394] {aka HY3, MSF3.17, MSF3_17, OOP1, OUT OF PHASE 1, PHYTOCHROME B}, CLE13 (CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 13) [NCBI Gene 843734] {aka CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 13}, PEP (RNA-binding KH domain-containing protein) [NCBI Gene 828706] {aka F20B18.110, F20B18_110, PEPPER}, HAE (Leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase family protein) [NCBI Gene 828967] {aka F20O9.180, F20O9_180, HAESA, RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE 5, RLK5}, ABI2 (Protein phosphatase 2C family protein) [NCBI Gene 835809] {aka ABA INSENSITIVE 2, AtABI2, MHM17.19, MHM17_19, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C}, CLV1 (Leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase family protein) [NCBI Gene 843915] {aka ATCLV1, CLAVATA 1, CLV1 RECEPTOR KINASE PRECURSOR, FAS3, FASCIATA 3, FLO5}, BAM3 (Leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase family protein) [NCBI Gene 827774] {aka BARELY ANY MERISTEM 3, F1C12.190, F1C12_190}, LLG1 (LORELEI-LIKE-GPI-ANCHORED PROTEIN 1) [NCBI Gene 835716] {aka LORELEI-LIKE-GPI-ANCHORED PROTEIN 1, MDA7.23, MDA7_23}, CLE25 (CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 25) [NCBI Gene 822475] {aka CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 25}, BAK1 (BRI1-associated receptor kinase) [NCBI Gene 829480] {aka ATBAK1, ATSERK3, BRI1-associated receptor kinase, ELG, ELONGATED, F17M5.190}, PSY1 (plant peptide containing sulfated tyrosine 1) [NCBI Gene 835979] {aka MZN1.10, MZN1_10, plant peptide containing sulfated tyrosine 1}, SIZ1 (DNA-binding protein with MIZ/SP-RING zinc finger, PHD-finger and SAP domain-containing protein) [NCBI Gene 836163] {aka AT5G60420, ATSIZ1, MUF9.5, MUF9_5}, CLE45 (CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 45) [NCBI Gene 5007842] {aka CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 45}, CLE9 (CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 9) [NCBI Gene 839200] {aka CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 9, T1K7.3, T1K7_3}, BIK1 (botrytis-induced kinase1) [NCBI Gene 818549] {aka F12L6.32, F12L6_32, botrytis-induced kinase1}, WSIP2 (WUS-interacting protein 2) [NCBI Gene 820831] {aka TOPLESS-RELATED 4, TPR4, WUS-interacting protein 2}, FLS2 (Leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase family protein) [NCBI Gene 834676] {aka FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2, MPL12.13, MPL12.8, MPL12_13}, CSI1 (binding protein) [NCBI Gene 816747] {aka POM-POM 2, POM2, T16B14.2, cellulose synthase-interactive protein 1}, CLV2 (Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family protein) [NCBI Gene 842849] {aka AtRLP10, Receptor Like Protein 10, T8F5.16, T8F5_16, clavata 2}, RALFL4 (ralf-like 4) [NCBI Gene 839721] {aka AtRALF4, F3H9.8, F3H9_8, ralf-like 4}, RGF9 (root meristem growth factor) [NCBI Gene 836598] {aka CLE-like 9, CLEL 9, GLV2, GOLVEN 2, MVP7.10, MVP7_10}, CLE16 (CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 16) [NCBI Gene 28717514] {aka CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 16}, THE1 (protein kinase family protein) [NCBI Gene 835526] {aka GA469.3, GA469_3, THESEUS1}, SAP (Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein) [NCBI Gene 833556] {aka MXH1.20, MXH1_20, STERILE APETALA}, PEPR2 (PEP1 receptor 2) [NCBI Gene 838353] {aka AtPEPR2, F11A6.9, F11A6_9, PEP1 RECEPTOR 2, PEP1 receptor 2}, PROPEP1 (precursor of peptide 1) [NCBI Gene 836613] {aka ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA PEPTIDE 1, ATPEP1, MXK3.13, MXK3_13, PEP1, PEPTIDE 1}, FER (Malectin/receptor-like protein kinase family protein) [NCBI Gene 824318] {aka FERONIA}, CLE14 (CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 14) [NCBI Gene 28717391] {aka CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 14}, MC4 (metacaspase 4) [NCBI Gene 844272] {aka AtMC4, AtMCP2d, MCP2d, YUP8H12R.4, YUP8H12R_4, metacaspase 2d}, LRX1 (leucine-rich repeat/extensin 1) [NCBI Gene 837756] {aka F12F1.9, F12F1_9, leucine-rich repeat/extensin 1}, TPR4 (Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like superfamily protein) [NCBI Gene 839500] {aka T1G11.22, T1G11_22, tetratricopeptide repeat 4}, PSY1R (Leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase family protein) [NCBI Gene 843562] {aka PSY1 receptor, T9N14.20, T9N14_20}, PSKR2 (phytosylfokine-alpha receptor 2) [NCBI Gene 835470] {aka AtPSKR2, K19P17.5, K19P17_5, phytosylfokine-alpha receptor 2}, PSKR1 (phytosulfokin receptor 1) [NCBI Gene 814753] {aka ATPSKR1, PHYTOSULFOKIN RECEPTOR, PHYTOSULFOKIN RECEPTOR 1, PSK RECEPTOR 1, phytosulfokin receptor 1}, RALF1 (rapid alkalinization factor 1) [NCBI Gene 839389] {aka ATRALF1, F22D16.10, F22D16_10, RALF-LIKE 1, RALFL1, RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR 1}, BAM1 (beta-amylase 1) [NCBI Gene 821975] {aka AtBAM1, BETA-AMYLASE 7, BMY7, TR-BAMY, beta-amylase 1}, TPST (tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase) [NCBI Gene 837318] {aka AQC1, HPS7, T6D22.29, T6D22_29, active quiescent center1, hypersensitive to Pi starvation 7}, RD26 (NAC (No Apical Meristem) domain transcriptional regulator superfamily protein) [NCBI Gene 828849] {aka ANAC072, Arabidopsis NAC domain containing protein 72, AtRD26, F27G19.10, F27G19_10, RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION 26}, PIP2A (plasma membrane intrinsic protein 2A) [NCBI Gene 824510] {aka AtPIP2;1, PIP2, PIP2;1, PLASMA MEMBRANE INTRINSIC PROTEIN 2, PLASMA MEMBRANE INTRINSIC PROTEIN 2;1, plasma membrane intrinsic protein 2A}, CRN (Protein kinase superfamily protein) [NCBI Gene 831170] {aka CORYNE, SOL2, SUPPRESSOR OF LLP1 2, T31B5.110, T31B5_110}, GS2 (glutamine synthetase 2) [NCBI Gene 833535] {aka ATGSL1, GLN2, GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE 2, GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE LIKE 1, MJE4.9, MJE4_9}, TOR (target of rapamycin) [NCBI Gene 841427] {aka F2J10.19, F2J10_19, target of rapamycin}, AT5G07310 (Integrase-type DNA-binding superfamily protein) [NCBI Gene 830622] {aka ERF115, ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 115, T2I1.20, T2I1_20}, CLE26 (CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 26) [NCBI Gene 843334] {aka CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 26, F20P5.29, F20P5_29}, PUCHI (Integrase-type DNA-binding superfamily protein) [NCBI Gene 831974] {aka T28N17.40, T28N17_40}, SYSTEMIN [NCBI Gene 543989], PEPR1 (PEP1 receptor 1) [NCBI Gene 843639] {aka ATPEPR1, F3N23.28, F3N23_28, PEP1 RECEPTOR 1, PEP1 receptor 1}, RLP12 (receptor like protein 12) [NCBI Gene 843481] {aka AtRLP12, F3I17.30, F3I17_30, receptor like protein 12}, MYB63 (myb domain protein 63) [NCBI Gene 844259] {aka ATMYB63, MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 63, YUP8H12R.21, YUP8H12R_21, myb domain protein 63}, RALF23 (rapid alkalinization factor 23) [NCBI Gene 820907] {aka ARABIDOPSIS RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR 23, ATRALF23, rapid alkalinization factor 23}
- **Diseases:** ELEMENT DIFFERENTIATION FACTORs (MESH:C565217), PEPTIDES (MESH:C565529), JA (MESH:D011015), -RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES (MESH:D003866), SYMBIOSIS (MESH:D064806), IMMUNITY (MESH:D007154), TYROSINE (MESH:C537537), Pto infection (MESH:D007239), viral infections (MESH:D014777), C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDEs (OMIM:211750), COORDINATORS (MESH:D001259), nodulation (MESH:D016606), DEFICIENT (MESH:D007153), CEP (MESH:D017092), ABIOTIC STRESS RESPONSES (MESH:D000079225), DROUGHT (MESH:C536747)
- **Chemicals:** sulfotyrosine (MESH:C005662), auxin (MESH:D007210), ROS (MESH:D017382), calcium (MESH:D002118), JA (MESH:C011006), Glu (MESH:D018698), cellulose (MESH:D002482), brassinosteroid (MESH:D060406), lipochitooligosaccharides (MESH:C023023), ISX (MESH:C057467), peptides (MESH:D010455), CO2 (MESH:D002245), cytokinin (MESH:D003583), glutamine (MESH:D005973), lignin (MESH:D008031), Tyrosine (MESH:D014443), carbon (MESH:D002244), camalexin (MESH:C102405), chlorophyll (MESH:D002734), Serine (MESH:D012694), N (MESH:D009584), ethylene (MESH:C036216), pectin (MESH:D010368), SA (MESH:D020156), hydroxyproline (MESH:D006909), nitrate (MESH:D009566), salt (MESH:D012492), phosphate (MESH:D010710), proton (MESH:D011522), proline (MESH:D011392), ABA (MESH:D000040), CTNIP (-), aluminum (MESH:D000535)
- **Species:** Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (species) [taxon 5180], Botrytis cinerea (gray fruit mold, species) [taxon 40559], Ralstonia solanacearum (species) [taxon 305], Nicotiana benthamiana (species) [taxon 4100], Lotus japonicus (species) [taxon 34305], Spodoptera littoralis (African cotton leafworm, species) [taxon 7109], Turnip mosaic virus (no rank) [taxon 12230], Medicago truncatula (barrel medic, species) [taxon 3880], Fusarium oxysporum (species) [taxon 5507], Alternaria brassicicola (species) [taxon 29001], Penicillium aurantiogriseum (species) [taxon 36655], Verticillium longisporum (species) [taxon 100787], Glycine max (soybean, species) [taxon 3847], Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress, species) [taxon 3702], Pseudomonas fluorescens (species) [taxon 294], Solanum lycopersicum (tomato, species) [taxon 4081], Chinese wheat mosaic virus (no rank) [taxon 83544]

## Figures

2 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12907539/full.md

---
Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12907539