# Cultural differences in the production of emotional facial expressions: a review

## TL;DR

This review explores how cultural differences affect the way people produce emotional facial expressions, both spontaneously and when posed.

## Contribution

The paper systematically reviews and categorizes cultural influences on the production of emotional expressions across age groups.

## Key findings

- Emotional facial expression production is largely universal but shows cultural nuances.
- Spontaneous and posed expressions reveal different cultural patterns.
- Findings are categorized into four themes based on age and expression type.

## Abstract

Whereas cross-cultural differences in recognition of emotional facial expressions are widely established, less information exists regarding differences in their production. The current systematic review was conducted to summarize and clarify the role of culture in the production of emotional facial expressions. Following a two-step process, 21 peer-reviewed articles were included within the current review, from which four categories were generated exploring findings from child/infant and adult studies separately: (1) production of spontaneous expressions, (2) production of posed expressions, (3) comparison of spontaneous and posed expressions, and (4) others. Whereas the production of emotional facial expressions is shown to be largely universal, culturally variable nuances exist but vary according to spontaneous versus posed expressions.