# Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for characterizing neural electrodes

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used to study and monitor neural electrodes in research and clinical settings.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of EIS applications in neural stimulation over the past 25 years.

## Key findings

- EIS is used to monitor electrode impedance changes due to foreign body response and glial encapsulation.
- The paper discusses key parameters and guidelines for interpreting EIS data in neural applications.

## Abstract

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been extensively employed in the field of neural stimulation over the past 25 years. This review summarizes the early applications, major contributions, rudimentary use, and recent advances of EIS in neural applications. EIS is widely used in both research and clinical neurostimulation to monitor changes in electrode impedance due to foreign body response and glial encapsulation. The key parameters for in vitro and in vivo measurements are discussed along with the guidelines for data interpretation.