# The urethro-prostatic angle as a practical sonographic index for estimating prostatic size in dogs

## TL;DR

This study introduces a new ultrasound-based angle measurement to reliably estimate prostate enlargement in dogs, which is less dependent on operator skill and dog size.

## Contribution

The study introduces the urethro-prostatic angle (UPa) as a novel, practical, and repeatable sonographic index for estimating prostatic size in dogs.

## Key findings

- The urethro-prostatic angle (UPa) correlated significantly with prostate volume (p < 0.001).
- A UPa cutoff of 96.52° achieved 100% sensitivity and 71.7% specificity in identifying prostatomegaly.
- UPa measurement showed no significant inter-operator variability (p = 0.2).

## Abstract

Prostatomegaly is a common condition in adult, intact dogs. Abdominal ultrasonography is currently considered the method of choice for assessing the prostate size using volume-based formulas. However, objectively defining an enlarged prostate remains challenging, even for experienced operators. This is mainly due to the wide variability in dog sizes and the partially intrapelvic position of the gland, which can limit its complete visualization. This study aimed to explore the reliability of a new, practical, and less operator-dependent parameter, the urethro-prostatic angle (UPa), for estimating canine prostate volume via B-mode ultrasonography.

Sixty-three dogs were enrolled, and prostatic volume was assessed using the equation proposed by Ruel et al., which is based on measurements of the gland's length, height, and width obtained from sagittal and transverse scans. Furthermore, to distinguish between normal and enlarged prostates, a second Ruel formula, which includes age and body weight, was also applied.

The urethro-prostatic angle was successfully measured in all dogs and correlated significantly with prostate volume (p < 0.001). A UPa cutoff value of 96.52° effectively discriminated between normal (UPa ≤ 96.52°) and enlarged (UPa > 96.52°) prostates, achieving a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 71.7%. Furthermore, inter-operator variability was not significant (p = 0.2).

In contrast to traditional volume estimation methods, the measurement of the UPa is independent of canine body size, prostatic gland position, and operator skill. These findings suggest that the UPa is a promising, repeatable, and practical parameter for the reliable estimation of prostatomegaly in dogs.