# Climate‐Smart Bread With Cauliflower Leaf Powder: Enhancing Nutrition and Reducing Food System Waste and Carbon Footprint, Addressing Sensory Trade‐Offs and Improvement Opportunities

## TL;DR

This study shows that using fermented cauliflower leaf powder in bread can boost nutrition, reduce food waste, and lower environmental impact.

## Contribution

The study introduces fermented cauliflower leaf powder as a sustainable and nutritious wheat flour substitute in bread.

## Key findings

- Fermentation improved the nutritional quality of cauliflower leaves and reduced antinutrients.
- Bread with up to 9% CLP had higher protein, fiber, and better mineral bioavailability.
- Using CLP reduced water use and carbon emissions compared to traditional wheat flour.

## Abstract

Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
or cauliflower is enjoyed by many around the world. However, its nutrient‐rich leaves are commonly discarded; its nutrient‐rich leaves are thrown away, and we waste food and miss out on edible resources. This study looked at the nutritional and antinutritional profile of cauliflower leaves after boiling, blanching, or fermentation. It also looked at their potential to boost nutrients in wheat bread. The processed leaves were dried, powdered, and mixed with wheat flour at levels of 1%–9% to make bread. The bread samples were tested for nutritional content, antinutrients, functional properties, and taste. Environmental impact was estimated by comparing water and carbon footprint. Fermentation improved the nutritional quality of cauliflower leaf powder (CLP), increased mineral content and energy, and decreased antinutrients. This was done without affecting protein and fiber content. Adding CLP to bread increased protein and fiber content and enhanced iron and zinc bioavailability. Sensory acceptability was good up to 5% substitution. Partial replacement of wheat flour with CLP also gave environmental benefits by reducing water use and carbon emissions. These results show that CLP is a functional, climate‐friendly, and nutrient‐rich ingredient for bread production. It's a practical solution to postharvest loss and dietary issues and also highlights the importance of ensuring that nutritional improvements are acceptable to consumers.

This study explored the use of fermented cauliflower leaf powder (CLP) as a nutrient‐rich, sustainable wheat flour substitute in bread. Fermentation improved the nutritional value of cauliflower leaves while reducing antinutrients. Bread enriched with up to 9% CLP showed higher protein and fiber, better mineral bioavailability, and lower water and carbon footprints, demonstrating CLP's potential as a functional ingredient that enhances nutrition and reduces environmental impact.