# Early hypoxia prediction in diseased patients via wheezing sounds in respiration: a prospective cohort study

## TL;DR

This study shows that wheezing breath sounds can predict the need for oxygen in emergency patients, helping doctors act faster.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates that wheezing sounds are an independent predictor of increased oxygen demand in emergency patients.

## Key findings

- Wheezing breath sounds were independently linked to higher oxygen demand in emergency patients.
- A prediction model using wheezing and other factors achieved an AUROC of 0.791 for oxygen demand.
- Wheezing and triage oxygen saturation were also associated with ICU admission.

## Abstract

Early detection of hypoxia in the emergency room may reduce complications. Breath sounds can be evaluated immediately. Our research endeavors to investigate the relationship between breath sounds and oxygen demand.

We recruited patients from the emergency department. Respiratory sounds in four locations were recorded with an electronic stethoscope and classified into normal, wheezing, or crackles. The primary outcome was increased oxygen demand (IOD) in the emergency room, and the secondary outcome was intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The prediction model was evaluated by logistic regression model.

Overall, 2,216 patients were recruited, and 171 (7.7%) had IOD. Through multivariable logistic regression, independent predictive factors for IOD were age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.03), lung cancer (OR: 3.56, 95% CI: 1.99–6.36), triage respiratory rate (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00–1.04), triage oxygen saturation (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.98), and wheezing (OR: 2.87, 95% CI: 1.31–6.29). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for IOD was 0.791 (95% CI 0.756–0.8273. Age (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00–1.03), coronary artery disease (OR: 3.00, 95% CI: 1.82–4.95), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aOR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.32–4.84) and triage oxygen saturation (aOR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93–0.99) were significantly associated with increased ICU admission.

Wheezing, together with other bedside-available predictors, was independently associated with increased oxygen demand. This finding may facilitate early risk stratification and optimize oxygen resource allocation at the initial encounter, before laboratory or imaging examinations are available. Through voice-print analysis and artificial intelligence, future studies are warranted to further explore the predictive potential of breath sounds.