# Metabarcoding of larval guts reveals diet diversity in native apex predators—the yellowjacket wasps Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica

## TL;DR

This study uses DNA metabarcoding to analyze the diets of yellowjacket wasp larvae in their native range, revealing their role as generalist predators of diverse arthropods.

## Contribution

The study provides the first comprehensive diet analysis of native yellowjacket wasps using DNA metabarcoding, highlighting their ecological importance.

## Key findings

- Yellowjacket wasp larvae consume prey from 12 arthropod orders, showing a highly generalist diet.
- Diet composition varies across different geographic locations within southern England.
- The findings establish a baseline for understanding the ecological and economic roles of native yellowjacket wasps.

## Abstract

Aculeate wasps are apex predators and play an important role in regulating arthropod populations. Determining what they hunt and how their diet varies with species ecology, geography and demography is essential to value their contributions as pest controllers in natural and human-modified ecosystems. There are many practical advantages in the study of social wasp diets. As central place foragers, hundreds of foragers bring prey back to the same location (the nest) every day; this means wasp diets can be explored by identifying taxa in prey balls collected directly from foragers arriving at the nest. A second advantage is that the colonies tend to contain large numbers of brood: prey can be identified from the gut contents of larvae or from the faeces that remain after metamorphosis. Morphological identification of insect remnants found in prey balls has provided insights into wasp diets but this approach is time-consuming and requires expert taxonomists. Metabarcoding is a more efficient method for describing insect diets; it has been used to identify prey of social wasps by sequencing prey balls, larvae guts and larval faeces. However, because of the ecological impact, data on social wasp diets are currently heavily skewed towards invasive populations. We lack comprehensive studies documenting what social wasps hunt in their native habitats. We use DNA metabarcoding to analyse the prey in over 500 wasp larvae guts from 14 nests of Vespula spp, sampled in their native range, across southern England. We describe the diverse diets of these insects, with the detection of 12 arthropod Orders in the guts of 554 larvae, and explore how diet varies across different locations. These data demonstrate the highly generalist predator role provided by Vespula, highlighting the key ecological roles they play as regulators of a broad range of arthropod taxa in native ecosystems and provide an important baseline for further exploring their ecological and economic value.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00040-025-01058-6.