# Rare KDM4C variants and reduced expression underlie epigenetic dysregulation in rheumatoid arthritis

## TL;DR

This study finds that rare genetic changes and reduced expression of the KDM4C gene may contribute to the epigenetic basis of rheumatoid arthritis.

## Contribution

This is the first study to integrate clinical and genetic evidence linking KDM4C dysregulation to rheumatoid arthritis.

## Key findings

- Rare KDM4C variants, including a missense mutation and a synonymous variant, were identified in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
- Reduced KDM4C mRNA expression was observed in RA patients, especially those with treatment resistance and specific clinical markers.
- KDM4C dysregulation may lead to chromatin changes that silence immune-regulatory genes and promote inflammation in RA.

## Abstract

This study aims to investigate structural and expression-level alterations in the histone demethylase KDM4C gene in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and elucidate its role in the disease’s epigenetic basis. KDM4C sequencing was performed in RA patients, and identified variants were mapped to functional domains, including the JmjN and PHD-type2 regions. KDM4C expression was assessed by quantitative PCR in RA and control groups. Molecular findings were analyzed alongside patients’ clinical characteristics and treatment histories. A rare missense mutation (c.79 C > T, R27W) located in the JmjN domain was detected in a single patient with RA. In addition, a synonymous variant was identified in the PHD-type2 domain. The R27W variant is predicted by in silico analyses to impair protein homodimerization, while the synonymous change has been hypothesized to influence translational efficiency. Neither variant has previously been linked to RA. KDM4C mRNA expression was significantly reduced in patients with RA. This reduction was particularly evident in individuals with high CRP/ESR levels, positive RF and anti-CCP status, and treatment resistance. Taken together, the molecular and clinical findings suggest a potential functional alteration of KDM4C activity. Specifically, KDM4C may have a reduced capacity to remove repressive methylation marks on histone H3, particularly H3K9me3. These findings suggest that KDM4C dysregulation may promote a closed chromatin conformation in immune cells. This state may lead to silencing of genes involved in immune regulation and increased expression of inflammatory genes, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of RA. KDM4C appears to be an important epigenetic regulator in RA pathogenesis. The coexistence of structural variants and decreased expression underscores its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing integrated clinical and genetic evidence linking KDM4C dysregulation to RA.