# Spoken sentence comprehension in Mandarin-English bilinguals: a case against the universal processing advantage of subject-relatives

## TL;DR

This study shows that Mandarin-English bilinguals do not show a universal advantage in processing subject-relative sentences, challenging previous assumptions about language processing.

## Contribution

The study challenges the idea of a universal subject-relative advantage by showing language-specific comprehension patterns in bilinguals.

## Key findings

- Bilinguals showed a strong canonical advantage in English but not in Mandarin.
- Passive sentences were consistently harder to comprehend in Mandarin.
- Comprehension variability in Mandarin was higher, especially among lower-performing individuals.

## Abstract

This study investigates sentence comprehension in Mandarin-English bilinguals, focusing on whether the widely reported, yet contested, subject-relative processing advantage extends to bilingual speakers. We evaluate which theoretical accounts, based on syntactic structure and canonicity, best explain cross-linguistic patterns of sentence processing.

Using a sentence-picture matching task, we examined the comprehension of canonical (e.g., actives) and non-canonical (e.g., passives) sentence structures in English and Mandarin for bilingual speakers of varying ages and Mandarin and English proficiency levels across two separate studies (n = 18 and n = 35).

In English, bilingual participants exhibited a robust canonical sentence advantage across studies, with better comprehension of subject-relative over object-relative sentences and active over passive sentences, mirroring monolingual processing patterns. However, in Mandarin, comprehension patterns were less robust and more variable. While subject-relative and object-relative comprehension did not significantly differ at the group level, passive vs. active sentences consistently posed greater difficulty and increased performance variability across both studies, particularly among lower-performing individuals.

These results suggest that sentence comprehension is shaped by language-specific constraints rather than a universal subject-relative advantage. Findings align with unified theoretical accounts that incorporate canonicity-based and structural factors, including word order, syntactic structure, and experience-, usage-, and frequency-based influences. Our results highlight the complex interplay between the aforementioned factors that differ across languages, with implications for both theoretical linguistics and clinical applications.