# Convergent Validity of Step Counts Collected from a Smart Knee Implant and a Smartphone-Based Care Management Application: A 7861-Patient Study

## TL;DR

This study compares step counts from a smart knee implant and a smartphone app in 7861 patients recovering from knee surgery, finding moderate agreement between the two methods.

## Contribution

The study provides convergent validity evidence for a novel smart implantable device's step count metric against established app-based tracking.

## Key findings

- Step counts increased over time as measured by both the smart implant and app-based methods.
- Smart implant step counts correlated moderately (r = 0.62 to 0.74) with app-based counts at 30, 90, and 180 days post-surgery.
- Smartwatch-based counts were higher than implant counts, but both showed similar recovery trends.

## Abstract

Introduction: Step counts are increasingly used to assess mobility and track recovery following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to assess the convergent validity of step count data captured by a smart implantable device (SID) in comparison with step counts derived from established, validated sensor-based technology. Methods: A secondary analysis of an anonymized commercial database (N = 7861, median age: 68, female: 59%, median BMI: 31.7) of patients who received an SID and used a digital care management application (App) with or without a smart watch. The SID recorded “qualified steps”, defined as periods of walking for at least seven steps that met predefined acceleration and cadence thresholds between 7 am and 10 pm. The App collected total daily step counts via smartwatch and/or smartphone. Pearson correlations were calculated between SID and App data at 30, 90, and 180 days post-operative. Step counts at 30, 90, and 180 days post-operative were compared between groups with the Mann–Whitney U test. Statistical significance was assessed at p < 0.001. Results: Step counts increased throughout the recovery period as measured by all three devices. SID-captured fewer qualified steps than App-captured step counts from watch-wearers throughout the post-operative period (p ≤ 0.001). SID step counts were similar to App step counts at 30 days post-operative and greater than App step counts at 90 and 180 days post-operative (p < 0.001). There were significant (p < 0.001), moderate correlations (r = 0.62 to r = 0.74) between step counts collected by the SID and App for both watch-wearers and smartphone-carriers at 30, 90, and 180 days post-operative. Conclusions: The SID’s qualified step metric demonstrated consistent, moderate, correlations with app-based step counts across 30, 90, and 180 days. While smartwatch-based tools recorded higher absolute step counts, both technologies reflected similar recovery trajectories.