# Tumor Detection and Characterization Using Microwave Imaging Technique—An Experimental Calibration Approach

## TL;DR

This paper presents a microwave imaging system for detecting breast tumors using a horn antenna and evaluates its performance with high accuracy in a controlled environment.

## Contribution

The study introduces an experimentally calibrated microwave imaging system with a modified beamforming algorithm achieving 96% accuracy for tumor detection.

## Key findings

- The system achieved a minimum accuracy of 96% across all test cases with evaluation times under 48 seconds.
- The modified beamforming algorithm improved image quality and localization metrics like DICE score and IoU.
- The methodology is suitable for calibrating antenna systems or phantoms due to high conductivity contrast.

## Abstract

Microwave imaging (MWI) is a non-invasive technique for visualizing the anomalies of biological tissues. The imaging process is accomplished by comparing the electrical parameters of healthy tissues and malignant tissues. This work introduces a microwave imaging system for tumor detection in breast tissue. The experiment is performed in a homogeneous background medium, where a high dielectric contrast material is used to mimic the tumor. The proposed imaging system is experimentally evaluated for multiple tumor locations and sizes using a horn antenna. Reflection coefficients obtained from the monostatic configuration of the horn antenna are used for image reconstruction. The evaluation metrics, such as localization error, absolute area error, DICE score, Intersection over Union (IoU), precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, are computed from the reconstructed image. A modified version of the beamforming algorithm improves the quality of reconstructed images by providing a minimum accuracy of 96% for all test cases, with an evaluation time of less than 48 s. The proposed methodology shows promising results under a controlled environment and can be implemented for clinical applications after adequate biological studies. This methodology can be used to calibrate any antenna system or phantom, as it has high contrast in conductivity, leading to better imaging. The present study contributes to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 by ensuring healthy lives and promoting wellbeing for all ages.