# 0D Nanofillers in EPDM-Based Elastomeric Ablatives: A Review of Thermo-Ablative Performance and Char Formation

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how 0D nanofillers improve the thermal protection and char formation of EPDM-based materials used in rocket motors.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a systematic review and a selection matrix for optimizing 0D nanofillers in EPDM ablatives.

## Key findings

- Hybrid systems with CB and oxide nanoparticles show enhanced char cohesion and barrier performance.
- Key metrics like LAR, MAR, and Tback are harmonized for better comparability across studies.
- nSiO2, nTiO2, nZnO, and CB each contribute distinct mechanisms to improve thermo-ablative performance.

## Abstract

EPDM is widely used as the polymer matrix for solid rocket motor (SRM) internal thermal protection because of its low density, chemical inertness, and ability to form carbonaceous residue. Practical performance is frequently limited by weak char integrity and barrier properties, char oxidation, mechanical stripping in gas-dynamic flow, and by the poor comparability of published results due to non-uniform test conditions and reporting. This review systematizes studies on 0D nanofillers in EPDM ablatives and harmonizes the key metrics, including linear and mass ablation rates (LAR, MAR), back-face temperature (Tback), and solid residue yield. The major 0D additives-nSiO2, nTiO2, nZnO, and carbon black (CB) are compared, and their dominant mechanisms are summarized: degradation-layer structuring, reduced gas permeability, thermo-oxidative stabilization, and effects on vulcanization. Several studies report larger improvements for hybrid systems, where CB enhances char cohesion and retention, while oxide nanoparticles improve barrier performance and resistance to oxidation. Finally, an application-oriented selection matrix is proposed that accounts for thermal protection efficiency, processability, agglomeration limits, and density penalties to support EPDM coating design and improve comparability.