# Unveiling the Physiological Basis of Cold Tolerance in Maize: Root Architecture, Photosynthetic Stability, and POD-Mediated Defense Under Delayed Chilling Stress

## TL;DR

This study explores how cold-tolerant maize survives springtime cold stress by maintaining root structure, photosynthesis, and antioxidant defenses.

## Contribution

The study identifies physiological mechanisms in cold-tolerant maize, including root architecture, photosynthetic stability, and POD activity, under delayed chilling stress.

## Key findings

- Cold-tolerant maize had higher emergence rates and maintained root diameter under stress.
- The cold-tolerant variety preserved chlorophyll and photosynthetic efficiency better than conventional maize.
- Enhanced POD activity and lower MDA content in cold-tolerant maize improved stress tolerance.

## Abstract

Delayed chilling stress is a frequent meteorological disaster in the spring maize-growing region of Northern China. Understanding the physiological responses and key characteristics of cold-tolerant maize varieties under such stress is crucial for their selection and utilization. This study compared the physiological and biochemical responses of a cold-tolerant variety (XY335) and a conventional variety (KH8) to simulated delayed chilling stress induced by early field sowing. Results showed that the emergence percentage and emergence uniformity of the cold-tolerant variety were 9.6% and 2.8% higher than those of the conventional variety, respectively. Under chilling stress, the root diameter of the cold-tolerant variety remained stable, while root length decreased by 24.5%. In contrast, the conventional variety exhibited the opposite response. Growth of the cold-tolerant variety slowed during stress but accelerated significantly after temperature recovery, achieving 1–2 more leaf ages than the conventional variety. The SPAD value (chlorophyll content) of the cold-tolerant variety was less affected, remaining 14.3% higher than the conventional variety, thereby maintaining higher photosynthetic efficiency. The enhanced stress tolerance of XY335 correlated with a robust antioxidant system: leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 60.7% higher, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was 42.4% lower compared to KH8. In summary, under delayed chilling stress, the cold-tolerant variety ensured higher emergence and seedling uniformity by reducing coleoptile length, maintained root diameter and absorption capacity by shortening root length, preserved chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic performance under the protection of a POD-dominated enzyme system, and employed a “standby mode” with compensatory leaf growth to ensure adequate dry matter accumulation and yield formation.