# Three-Dimensional Data Acquisition Methods and Their Use in River Levee Topographic Survey

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a high-altitude laser scanning method to improve the accuracy of levee topographic surveys, enabling detailed detection of deformations.

## Contribution

A novel high-altitude laser irradiation method is proposed to capture high-density point clouds over entire levees.

## Key findings

- The proposed method captures high-density laser point clouds over the entire levee, including the slope.
- It enables detection of detailed deformations not only on the crest but also on the slope of levees.
- The method addresses blind spots in traditional vehicle-mounted laser scanning.

## Abstract

Frequent heavy rainfalls due to climate change in recent years have led to an increasing incidence of severe damage, such as levee breaches. However, the integrity of levees is currently assessed by visual inspection, relying on the skill and experience of the overseeing engineers. Future work requires close monitoring of the external shape of levees and the implementation of quantitative assessments if abnormalities such as deformation are discovered. Therefore, the mobile mapping system (MMS), which uses a vehicle-mounted laser scanner to conduct surveys while moving, has attracted attention as a method for conducting high-precision surveys. However, the presence of blind spots in the laser irradiation indicates that there is no practical method for identifying areas that require countermeasures for the entire levee. In this paper, we discuss the appropriate position of laser irradiation that allows data acquisition down to the toe of the slope, and then propose a method of laser irradiation from a high altitude. Compared to previous laser surveys using vehicles, this method was able to obtain a high-density laser point cloud over the entire levee, demonstrating that it is possible to detect detailed deformations not only on the crest of the levee but also on the slope.