# Genetic Dissection and Breeding Potential of Carotenoid Content in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) Using a Major Gene Plus Polygene Model

## TL;DR

This study identifies the genetic basis of carotenoid content in foxtail millet and shows how to breed high-carotenoid varieties without affecting yield.

## Contribution

The study introduces a genetic model for carotenoid inheritance and identifies elite lines for marker-assisted breeding.

## Key findings

- Carotenoid content in foxtail millet is controlled by three major genes plus polygenes.
- High-carotenoid lines can be bred without compromising agronomic traits.
- Three elite lines with 23% higher carotenoids were identified for further breeding.

## Abstract

Carotenoid content is a key trait that defines the unique characteristics of foxtail millet varieties. Varieties with different levels of carotenoids often show distinct genetic features and nutritional profiles. However, the genetic basis of carotenoid content in foxtail millet remains mostly unknown. In this study, we explored the genetic basis of carotenoid content using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of 305 lines derived from two parental accessions, JG21 (high-carotenoid, 16.75 mg·kg−1) and JG25 (low-carotenoid, 0.93 mg·kg−1). The results showed that the RIL population exhibited continuous phenotypic variation and significant transgressive segregation for carotenoid components (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin) and kernel color (measured by b* value), with zeaxanthin reaching 8.47 mg·kg−1, significantly surpassing the higher parent (3.44 mg·kg−1) in 24DY. To ensure that enhancing this nutritional trait does not compromise grain yield, we analyzed its relationship with key agronomic traits, testing for pleiotropic trade-offs. Notably, carotenoid content showed no significant correlation with any of the 8 key agronomic traits (r ranged from −0.11 to 0.08, all p > 0.05), suggesting no apparent trade-off, although fine-mapping is needed to separate pleiotropy from tight linkage for concurrent improvement. Genetic modeling analysis revealed that carotenoid content is stably controlled by three major-gene pairs plus polygenes (MX3-AI-A model), with major-gene heritability of 96.65% and polygene heritability of 3.35%. Based on this framework, three elite RILs with >23% higher carotenoid and superior agronomic performance were identified and advanced to marker-assisted backcrossing. These results provide a clear genetic framework and immediate breeding resources for marker-assisted selection, enabling the development of high-yielding, carotenoid-enriched foxtail millet varieties without compromising agronomic value.