# Centella asiatica as a Model Biomass for Sustainable Production of Biochemicals via Green Extraction and Purification Technologies: A Comprehensive Field-to-Market Review

## TL;DR

Centella asiatica is a promising plant for making biochemicals sustainably using modern green technologies and traditional knowledge.

## Contribution

This review highlights C. asiatica as a model biomass for sustainable biochemical production using green extraction and purification methods.

## Key findings

- Green extraction methods like ultrasound and supercritical CO2 improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact.
- Triterpenoid saponins from C. asiatica have pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.
- Integrated biorefinery frameworks can enhance supply chain resilience and sustainability.

## Abstract

Centella asiatica has emerged as a strategic biomass for the sustainable production of high-value biochemicals at the interface of traditional medicine and modern biotechnology. This review consolidates the current knowledge on its phytochemical diversity, emphasizing triterpenoid saponins—asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid—as core bioactive molecules relevant to pharmaceutical, dermatological, nutraceutical, and functional-ingredient applications. Advances in green extraction technologies, including ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, ohmic-heating, and supercritical CO2 systems, have demonstrated superior efficiency in recovering high-purity biochemicals while significantly reducing solvent use, energy demand, and environmental impact compared with conventional methods. Complementary analytical and standardization platforms, such as HPLC, UPLC, and GC–MS, enable rigorous quality control across the entire value chain, supporting the development of reproducible and regulatory-compliant biochemical extracts. From a biomass valorization and biorefinery perspective, C. asiatica offers multiple metabolite streams that align with circular economy and field-to-market sustainability principles. Key challenges remain, including agronomic variability, scaling up green extraction, and supply chain resilience. However, emerging solutions, such as Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) guided cultivation, plant tissue culture, metabolic engineering, and integrated biorefinery frameworks, show strong potential for establishing a reliable and environmentally responsible production system. Collectively, C. asiatica represents a model species for sustainable biochemical production, combining scientific efficacy with industrial, economic, and ecological relevance.