# Effects of Pressurized Water Aging on Reciprocating Friction and Wear of FDM 3D-Printed PLA and Glass Fiber Reinforced PLA Composites

## TL;DR

This study examines how water aging affects the friction and wear of 3D-printed PLA and glass fiber-reinforced PLA composites under reciprocating motion.

## Contribution

The study reveals that water aging significantly increases friction and wear, with immersion time being the main factor influencing wear scar width.

## Key findings

- Water aging increases the coefficient of friction and wear depth in both neat PLA and glass fiber-reinforced PLA.
- Immersion time accounts for 76.02% of the variation in wear scar width, indicating strong environmental dependence.
- SEM and thermal analysis suggest a transition from volume to interface-dominated damage with aging.

## Abstract

This study evaluates 10 bar water aging effects on reciprocating tribology of FDM-printed PLA and PLA with 10 and 15 wt.% glass fiber (GF). Water uptake was Fickian, and saturation mass rose from 0.0845 g (PLA) to 0.1625 g and 0.295 g (10 and 15 wt.% GF). Reciprocating tests at 40 N over 100 m at 0.5 and 1 Hz showed immersion time drives coefficient of friction (COF) and wear. At 0.5 Hz, neat PLA stabilized at COF 0.65 to 0.70 but increased to about 0.75 to 0.80 after 7-day; PLA + 10 wt.% GF reached about 0.80 to 0.82 after 14-day to 28-day. GF reduced unaged wear depth from about 125 µm to about 85 to 96 µm, yet 28-day aging increased depths to about 129 to 132 µm for both GF levels at 0.5 Hz. At 1 Hz, neat PLA peaked at about 235 to 240 µm depth after 7-day, whereas 15 wt.% GF reached about 160 µm after 28-day. Factorial analysis showed that wear scar width was primarily influenced by immersion time, accounting for 76.02% of the variation in the data, clearly evidencing strong dependence on the environment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), glass transition temperature (Tg), and the melting temperature (Tm) support the occurrence of a transition from volume to interface-dominated damage with aging, while Tg and Tm remain unaffected.