# Valproic Acid Stimulates Release of Ca2+ from InsP3-Sensitive Ca2+ Stores

## TL;DR

Valproic acid causes calcium release from a specific cellular store, which may help explain its effects on brain activity and seizures.

## Contribution

The study reveals a novel mechanism by which valproic acid affects calcium signaling through InsP3 receptors.

## Key findings

- Valproic acid induces calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum in a concentration-dependent manner.
- The effect is mediated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and not by ryanodine receptors or SERCA.
- Valproic acid suppresses repetitive calcium oscillations while increasing sustained cytosolic calcium levels.

## Abstract

Calcium (Ca2+)signaling dysfunction is a central contributor to neuronal hyperexcitability and seizure propagation in epilepsy, yet the intracellular mechanisms underlying the actions of valproic acid (VPA) remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated whether VPA modulates Ca2+ homeostasis at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and how this action influences cytosolic Ca2+ dynamics associated with epileptiform activity. ER Ca2+ levels were directly measured using ER-targeted aequorin in HeLa and PC12 cells, while cytosolic Ca2+ signals were monitored by fura-2 fluorescence imaging in bovine chromaffin cells exposed to veratridine, a model of sustained sodium channel activation and Ca2+ oscillations. VPA induced a concentration-dependent release of Ca2+ from the ER, with an IC50 of approximately 17 µM. This effect was preserved in permeabilized cells and exhibited activation kinetics comparable to those elicited by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). Pharmacological inhibition of InsP3 receptors (InsP3Rs), but not ryanodine receptors or SERCA, abolished VPA-induced ER Ca2+ release, supporting a selective InsP3R-mediated mechanism. Functionally, VPA suppressed the repetitive cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations induced by veratridine, while simultaneously producing a sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ originating from ER stores and facilitating depolarization-evoked catecholamine secretion. Together, these results support the conclusion that VPA induces InsP3R-mediated Ca2+ mobilization from the endoplasmic reticulum and identify ER Ca2+ release as a previously unrecognized intracellular mechanism contributing to its modulatory effects on Ca2+ signaling and excitability in epilepsy.