# Hydration Mechanism and Microstructure Evolution of Seawater-Based Low-Alkalinity Activated Phosphogypsum Cement

## TL;DR

A new seawater-based cement method using phosphogypsum and fly ash improves strength and flowability while reducing alkalinity.

## Contribution

A novel low-alkalinity seawater-based cement preparation method with synergistic PG and FA for enhanced performance.

## Key findings

- Samples with 5% PG and 35% FA achieved 60 MPa compressive strength at 28 days.
- Seawater ions accelerated AFt crystal growth and improved early hydration.
- Low-alkalinity activator formed C-(A)-S-H gel, densifying the microstructure.

## Abstract

This article proposes a novel preparation method for seawater-based low-alkalinity activated phosphogypsum (PG) cement, aimed at enhancing the performance of multi-waste binder systems using the highly ionic environment of seawater while addressing the cost and alkalinity issues associated with traditional high-alkalinity activators. The effects of partial replacement of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) with PG (0–15%) and fly ash (FA, 20–50%) on the setting time, rheological properties, microstructure, and compressive strength of seawater-based slurries were investigated. Compared to the control group (pure slag), the samples with a synergistic ratio of 5% PG and 35% FA had a mean compressive strength exceeding 60 MPa at 28 days, comparable to that of the control group, with a significant improvement in flowability. The results demonstrate that the proposed preparation method alters the hydration kinetics of alkali-activated GGBS cement and significantly improves the early and later compressive strength of hydrated samples. In the early hydration phase, seawater ions effectively promoted the rapid nucleation and growth of ettringite (AFt) crystals. The low-alkalinity composite activator induced the formation of a substantial amount of C-(A)-S-H gel. In the later stages of hydration, needle-like AFt crystals intertwined with the gel matrix, further densifying the microstructure. The enhancement of the polymer’s performance is primarily attributable to the key “synergistic enhancement effect” between seawater ions and the low-alkalinity environment. This interaction optimizes the formation pathways of key hydration products and refines the pore structure, providing a solid theoretical foundation for the low-carbon, high-efficiency utilization of PG in marine engineering materials.