# Influence of Environmental Conditions on Tropical and Temperate Hardwood Species Bonded with Polyurethane Adhesives

## TL;DR

This study evaluates how polyurethane adhesives perform when bonding different hardwoods under various environmental conditions, showing their durability and effectiveness in flooring applications.

## Contribution

The study introduces a detailed analysis of polyurethane adhesive performance on both tropical and temperate hardwoods under thermally aged conditions.

## Key findings

- Shear strength increased after aging, with wenge showing the highest improvement at 21.2%.
- Tensile strength remained above 1 MPa for all species, ensuring structural reliability.
- Surface properties like contact angle and roughness significantly influenced adhesion performance.

## Abstract

This research presents a comprehensive evaluation of semi-elastic polyurethane adhesives used for bonding wooden flooring, with a particular focus on both domestic (oak) and exotic hardwood species (teak, iroko, wenge, merbau). Given the increasing interest in sustainable construction practices and the growing use of diverse wood species in flooring systems, this study aimed to assess the mechanical, morphological, and surface properties of adhesive joints under both standard laboratory and thermally aged conditions. Mechanical testing was conducted according to PN-EN ISO 17178 standards and included shear and tensile strength measurements on wood–wood and wood–concrete assemblies. Specimens were evaluated in multiple aging conditions, simulating real-world application environments. Shear strength increased post-aging, with the most notable improvement observed in wenge (21.2%). Tensile strength between wooden lamellas and concrete substrates remained stable or slightly decreased (up to 18.8% in wenge), yet all values stayed above the 1 MPa minimum requirement, confirming structural reliability. Surface properties of the wood species were characterized through contact angle measurements and 3D optical roughness analysis. Teak exhibited the highest contact angle (74.9°) and the greatest surface roughness, contributing to mechanical interlocking despite its low surface energy. Oak and iroko showed high wettability and balanced roughness, supporting strong adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed stable adhesive penetration across all species and aging conditions, with no signs of delamination or interfacial failure. The study confirms the suitability of polyurethane adhesives for durable, long-lasting bonding in engineered and solid wood flooring systems, even when using extractive-rich or dimensionally sensitive tropical species. The results emphasize the critical role of surface morphology, wood anatomy, and adhesive compatibility in achieving optimal bond performance. These findings contribute to improved material selection and application strategies in flooring technology. Future research should focus on bio-based adhesive alternatives, chemical surface modification techniques, and in-service performance under cyclic loading and humidity variations to support the development of eco-efficient and resilient flooring systems.