# Effect of Lap Joint Configuration and Seam Strategy in Green-Laser Welding on Multi-Layer Cu Foil Stacks to Lead-Tab Joints for Pouch Cell Application

## TL;DR

This study explores how different laser welding techniques affect the quality and performance of copper foil joints in lithium-ion pouch cells.

## Contribution

The study introduces wobble welding as a novel technique to reduce defects and improve mechanical and electrical performance in Cu foil stack welding.

## Key findings

- Wobble welding reduced defects like humping and porosity compared to line welding.
- Wobble welding achieved a maximum tensile-shear load of 1.28 kN and lower electrical resistance (45 µΩ).
- Fracture behavior shifted from interfacial failure to ductile tearing with wobble welding.

## Abstract

This study examines the joining characteristics of Cu foil stacks to lead tabs using green-laser welding in the main-welding step of a sequential welding process for lithium-ion pouch cells. The influence of lap configuration, line and wobble seam strategies, and process parameters was systematically investigated in terms of bead morphology, mechanical performance, metallurgical characteristics, and electrical resistance. Under the present line-welding parameter window (2.0 kW, 100–200 mm/s), humping, pinholes, and porosity were observed, particularly in the upper lead-tab configuration, which is attributed to melt-pool/keyhole instability under the applied conditions. Wobble welding effectively suppressed these defects in the foil-stack configuration by promoting stable melt flow and efficient bubble expulsion. Mechanical tests revealed that the wobble-based seam strategy achieved a maximum tensile–shear load of approximately 1.28 kN at a wobble amplitude of 0.8 mm. Fracture analysis confirmed a transition from seam-type interfacial failure in line welding to ductile tearing in the heat-affected zone with wobble welding. In electrical performance, wobble welding reduced resistance to as low as 45 µΩ at a wobble amplitude of 1.2 mm, while line welding yielded higher and scattered values. These results should be interpreted as the combined outcome of the wobble-based seam strategy (beam oscillation together with overlapped stitch welding at a lower travel speed) under the present processing windows. A strictly matched A/B comparison at identical linear energy density and seam layout will be investigated in future work to isolate the effect of oscillation.