# Swine Enteric Coronaviruses: An Updated Overview of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control

## TL;DR

This paper reviews swine enteric coronaviruses, their impact on pig health and economics, and recent advances in diagnosis and vaccine development.

## Contribution

The paper provides an updated overview of epidemiology, diagnostics, and vaccines for swine coronaviruses, emphasizing recent innovations and control strategies.

## Key findings

- Swine enteric coronaviruses cause severe intestinal disease and high neonatal mortality in pigs.
- New diagnostic tools and next-generation vaccines like mRNA-based and virus-like particle platforms are being developed.
- Viral evolution and recombination limit vaccine efficacy, especially for PEDV genogroup II strains.

## Abstract

Swine enteric coronaviruses are major causes of severe intestinal disease in pigs, resulting in high piglet mortality and significant global economic losses. These viruses spread rapidly between farms and evolve quickly, undermining vaccine effectiveness. This review outlines their epidemiology, emerging diagnostic tools, and available vaccines. Because some swine coronaviruses can infect other animal species and potentially humans, they also present public health concerns. Strengthening farm biosecurity, improving vaccine strategies, and enhancing genomic surveillance are essential to control these infections and safeguard both swine production and human health.

Swine enteric coronaviruses (SECoVs), including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), are major enteric pathogens causing severe diarrhea, dehydration, high neonatal mortality, and substantial global economic losses. Rapid viral evolution and recombination continually generate antigenically diverse variants that limit cross-protection and undermine vaccine efficacy, particularly for PEDV genogroup II strains that now dominate worldwide circulation. This review synthesizes current knowledge on epidemiology, diagnostic innovations, and emerging vaccine platforms, with emphasis on advances since 2022. Recent progress includes molecular surveillance tools, rapid point-of-care diagnostics, and next-generation vaccine technologies such as mRNA-based and virus-like particle platforms. However, significant knowledge gaps persist regarding viral evolution dynamics, co-infection synergies, and zoonotic spillover potential, particularly following documented human infections with PDCoV. Effective long-term control requires integrated genomic surveillance, strengthened farm-level biosecurity, rationally designed multivalent vaccines targeting conserved epitopes, and harmonized international surveillance systems to reduce outbreak risk and enhance pandemic preparedness at the human–animal interface.