# Awake Insights for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Severity Detection Using Tracheal Breathing Sounds and Meta-Model Analysis

## TL;DR

This study presents a non-invasive method to detect the severity of obstructive sleep apnea using breathing sounds and machine learning, offering a faster alternative to traditional sleep tests.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is a meta-modeling framework that aggregates multiple classifiers for multi-class OSA severity prediction using tracheal breathing sounds.

## Key findings

- The model achieved 76.7% test accuracy in a three-class OSA severity setting with strong out-of-bag performance.
- Conformal prediction provided full coverage with an average set size of 2, enhancing the model's reliability.
- The system shows potential as a scalable, non-invasive alternative to polysomnography for OSA screening.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent, yet underdiagnosed, disorder associated with cardiovascular and cognitive risks. While overnight polysomnography (PSG) remains the diagnostic gold standard, it is resource-intensive and impractical for large-scale rapid screening. Methods: This study extends prior work on feature extraction and binary classification using tracheal breathing sounds (TBS) and anthropometric data by introducing a meta-modeling framework that utilizes machine learning (ML) and aggregates six one-vs.-one classifiers for multi-class OSA severity prediction. We employed out-of-bag (OOB) estimation and three-fold cross-validation to assess model generalization performance. To enhance reliability, the framework incorporates conformal prediction to provide calibrated confidence sets. Results: In the three-class setting (non, mild, moderate/severe), the model achieved 76.7% test accuracy, 77.7% sensitivity, and 87.1% specificity, with strong OOB performance of 91.1% accuracy, 91.6% sensitivity, and 95.3% specificity. Three-fold confirmed stable performance across folds (mean accuracy: 77.8%; mean sensitivity: 78.6%; mean specificity: 76.4%) and conformal prediction achieved full coverage with an average set size of 2. In the four-class setting (non, mild, moderate, severe), the model achieved 76.7% test accuracy, 75% sensitivity, and 92% specificity, with OOB performance of 88.2% accuracy, 91.6% sensitivity, and 88.2% specificity. Conclusions: These findings support the potential of this non-invasive system as an efficient and rapid OSA severity assessment whilst awake, offering a scalable alternative to PSG for large-scale screening and clinical triaging.