# MRI-based patient selection for active surveillance in prostate cancer using U-Found: a generalized deep learning model

## TL;DR

This study shows that a deep learning model called U-Found can help predict prostate cancer progression by capturing gland-level features from MRI scans, improving patient selection for active surveillance.

## Contribution

U-Found is a generalized self-supervised model that captures prostate macro-environment features for predicting cancer progression.

## Key findings

- U-Found detected cancer in an independent dataset with an AUC of 0.79.
- A model combining U-Found embeddings with clinical and radiomics features achieved an AUC of 0.86.
- U-Found embeddings showed clear associations with radiomics features.

## Abstract

Current MRI prostate cancer risk assessment methods focus mainly on detecting tumor lesions, ignoring the prostate gland macro-environment which may also impact disease progression. A generalized deep-learning model for prostate may help capture these gland-level characteristics through deep embeddings which can be used for a variety of downstream tasks. This study aims to assess whether U-Found, a generalized multiparametric (mp)MRI-based model, offers added value in predicting histopathological progression in active surveillance (AS) patients. The prostate macro-environment, captured in U-Found embeddings, is hypnotized to play a significant role in differentiating patients who progress to definitive treatment from those whose tumor is kept at bay.

U-Found was trained on a dataset comprising over 3000 mpMRIs from in-house and public sources using self-supervised learning. Axial slices were represented in a 128-dimentional space. The physical interpretation of the embeddings was explored by investigating images that are closest to the centroid of embeddings clusters. U-Found was tested on a downstream task: identifying cancer in an independent dataset (publicly available UCLA dataset, n = 1,151). To determine the added value of U-Found embeddings to clinical and intratumoral radiomics features, we compared models for predicting histopathological progression in 144 participants of a prospective AS trial. In addition, associations between U-Found embeddings and lesion- and prostate radiomics were investigated.

Our findings suggest that U-Found captures key characteristics of the prostate gland’s macro-environment. U-Found successfully detected cancer in an independent UCLA dataset without being explicitly trained for lesion detection (AUC = 0.79). The prediction model incorporating a combination of clinical variables, mpMRI-derived intratumoral radiomics features and deep embeddings generated by U-Found achieved AUC = 0.86, outperforming models solely based on clinical and/or radiomics features. There were clear associations between U-Found embeddings and radiomics features.

U-Found was designed as a generalized self-supervised foundation model for prostate imaging, enabling the model to learn intrinsic imaging structures. We demonstrate that U-Found embeddings capture key features of the prostate macro-environment, which appear to contribute to disease progression, albeit to a lesser extent than tumor-specific imaging features.