# Post-COVID-19 Cognitive Dysfunction: Analyzing the Role of Age, Lifestyle, and Neurological Impairments: A Multi-Centric Case-Control Study

## TL;DR

This study found that many people who recovered from COVID-19 experienced cognitive issues and other neurological symptoms, with risk factors including age, smoking, and lifestyle habits.

## Contribution

The study identifies demographic and lifestyle factors associated with post-COVID-19 cognitive dysfunction in a multi-centric sample from North Africa.

## Key findings

- 32.3% of post-COVID-19 survivors showed cognitive impairment (MoCA score <26).
- Cognitive impairment was more common in older individuals, smokers, and those with higher education.
- Sensory impairments like loss of taste and smell were also prevalent among survivors.

## Abstract

The effects of COVID-19 extend beyond acute illness, with many survivors experiencing persistent symptoms. This study aimed to determine the frequency and contributing factors of cognitive impairment and other neurological symptoms in COVID-19 survivors four weeks after diagnosis, compared with healthy controls during the pandemic's fourth wave.

A multicenter case-control study was conducted involving 176 COVID-19 survivors, diagnosed four weeks prior, and 92 healthy controls from Algeria, Egypt, and Libya. Data were collected through interviews using a structured, validated questionnaire administered by a trained physician.

Post-COVID-19 survivors exhibited significant cognitive deficits, chronic fatigue, and sensory impairments (including loss of appetite, taste, smell, and hearing). Cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA] score <26) was observed in 57 participants (32.3%), with those affected being older (44.6 ± 16.9 years, P < 0.001) and consuming more junk food (8.6 ± 3.3 servings, P = 0.04). Cognitive disorders were more frequent among females (83.3%), smokers (57.9%), highly educated individuals (76.5%), and married participants (63.7%).

The study revealed a substantial burden of cognitive and sensory impairments in post-COVID-19 patients, supporting global observations and emphasizing the need for early screening and lifestyle interventions. The reliance on self-reported data and a case-control design limit causal inference.

Post-COVID-19 survivors showed significant cognitive deficits, fatigue, and sensory impairments. Cognitive impairment was present in 32.3%, with higher prevalence in females, smokers, highly educated individuals, and married participants.