# Ethical Knowledge, Challenges, and Institutional Strategies Among Medical AI Developers and Researchers: Focus Group Study

## TL;DR

Medical AI developers face ethical challenges like bias and privacy but lack formal training and institutional support to address them effectively.

## Contribution

This study identifies how medical AI developers acquire ethical knowledge and proposes institutional strategies to improve ethical AI development.

## Key findings

- Developers primarily learn about AI ethics informally through literature, feedback, and mentorship rather than structured training.
- Common ethical challenges include data bias, patient privacy, and commercialization pressures, with a focus on model accuracy over ethical reflection.
- Participants recommended institutional guidelines, ethics checklists, and interdisciplinary collaboration to address ethical concerns in AI development.

## Abstract

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly embedded in clinical decision-making and preventive care, it is urgent to address ethical concerns such as bias, privacy, and transparency to protect clinician and patient populations. Although prior research has examined the perspectives of medical AI stakeholders, including clinicians, patients, and health system leaders, far less is known about how medical AI developers and researchers understand and engage with ethical challenges as they develop AI tools. This gap is consequential because developers’ ethical awareness, decision-making, and institutional environments influence how AI tools are conceptualized and deployed in practice. Thus, it is essential to understand how developers perceive these issues and what supports they identify as necessary for ethical AI development.

The objectives of the study were twofold: (1) to examine medical AI developers’ and researchers’ knowledge, attitudes, and experiences with AI ethics; and (2) to identify recommendations to enhance and strengthen interpersonal and institutional ethics-focused training and support.

We conducted 2 semistructured focus groups (60-90 minutes each) in 2024 with 13 AI developers and researchers affiliated with 5 US-based academic institutions. Participants’ work spanned a wide variety of medical AI applications, including Alzheimer disease prediction, clinical imaging, electronic health records analysis, digital health, counseling and behavioral health, and genotype–phenotype modeling. Focus groups were conducted via Microsoft Teams, recorded, and transcribed verbatim. We applied conventional qualitative content analysis to inductively identify emerging concepts, categories, and themes. Coding was performed independently by 3 researchers, with consensus reached through iterative team meetings.

The analysis identified four key themes: (1) AI ethics knowledge acquisition: participants reported learning about ethics informally through peer-reviewed literature, reviewer feedback, social media, and mentorship rather than through structured training; (2) ethical encounters: participants described recurring ethical challenges related to data bias, patient privacy, generative AI use, commercialization pressures, and a tendency for research environments to prioritize model accuracy over ethical reflection; (3) reflections on ethical implications: participants expressed concern about downstream effects on patient care and clinician autonomy, and model generalizability, noting that rapid technological innovation outpaces regulatory and evaluative processes; and (4) strategies to mitigate ethical concerns: recommendations included clearer institutional guidelines, ethics checklists, interdisciplinary collaboration, multi-institutional data sharing, enhanced institutional review board support, and the inclusion of bioethicists as members of the AI research team.

Medical AI developers and researchers recognize significant ethical challenges in their work but lack structured training, resources, and institutional mechanisms to address them. Findings of this study underscore the need for institutions to consider embedding ethics into research processes through practical tools, mentorship, and interdisciplinary partnerships. Strengthening these supports is essential to preparing the next generation of developers to design and deploy ethical AI in health care.