# Listeners’ baseline autonomic states associated with distinct music-physiology response patterns

## TL;DR

The study shows how people's baseline autonomic states influence their physiological responses to music, suggesting ways to personalize music for therapeutic effects.

## Contribution

A new framework and visualization method (change point connectivity graphs) link music features to autonomic responses based on baseline physiology.

## Key findings

- Baseline parasympathetic tone correlates with increased vagal engagement in response to novel melodies and acoustic intensity.
- Sympathetic-dominant individuals show amplified sympathetic responses to music features.
- Novelty in music is the most consistent driver of autonomic change across listeners.

## Abstract

Personalizing music-based interventions requires an understanding of how individuals’ physiology responds to expressive music events. Although music can modulate autonomic function, variability across listeners has limited its therapeutic use. We introduce a change-point-driven framework that links music features to cardiovascular responses and test whether baseline autonomic balance is associated with group- and individual-level response patterns.

Physiological signals from 112 participants (63 females, 21–79 years, including 25 with elevated resting blood pressure) collected whilst they listened to nine expressive versions of eight pieces of Western classical music were analysed using canonical correlation analysis. Listeners were stratified by their baseline sympathetic–parasympathetic balance. The first two canonical variates identified the dominant links between music and physiologic change points. We developed a new method for visually representing these couplings, termed change point connectivity graphs. Listeners with high parasympathetic tone showed greater vagal engagement in response to novel melodies and increased acoustic intensity, whereas those with elevated sympathetic drive exhibited amplified sympathetic responses. Novelty was the most consistent musical driver of autonomic change.

These findings demonstrate that baseline autonomic activity might determine whether expressive music changes elicit parasympathetic engagement or sympathetic activation. The change point connectivity graphs open new pathways to selecting or controlling expressive music structures to support the achievement of targeted physiologic effects. Our framework is a step towards precision music therapeutics by enabling the selection or modulation of music features to produce autonomic effects for cardiovascular prevention, rehabilitation, and practice, including applications via wearable technologies.

Graphical Abstract