# Plant–fungi interactions in Marchantia polymorpha are associated with horizontal gene transfer and terpene metabolism

## TL;DR

This paper explores how liverworts like Marchantia polymorpha defend against fungi, revealing new genes from microbes that may help with immunity.

## Contribution

The study identifies horizontally transferred microbial genes in liverworts that may contribute to terpene metabolism and pathogen resistance.

## Key findings

- Genome-wide association studies in Marchantia polymorpha reveal horizontally transferred terpene synthase genes linked to resistance against fungal pathogens.
- Transcriptomic analysis shows upregulation of horizontally acquired genes in liverworts after fungal infection.
- The study highlights the evolutionary role of horizontal gene transfer in shaping plant immunity in nonvascular plants.

## Abstract

The study of plant immunity has predominantly focused on flowering plants, nonvascular plants being largely unexplored. Here, we find immune mechanisms operating in the nonvascular plant model Marchantia by comparing the genomes and immune competence of multiple wild populations. Among the genes associated with resistance, we identified enzymes which have been transferred from microorganisms into the genome of the most recent common ancestor of the nonvascular plants. Although further functional tests are required to establish the contribution of these enzymes to defense, this finding sheds light on the evolutionary importance of horizontal gene transfer in shaping the diversity of plant immunity. This work emphasizes the value of exploring underrepresented plant lineages to uncover biological processes.

The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has emerged as a model for studying plant immunity in bryophytes, providing unique insights into conserved defense mechanisms across land plants. By contrast, Marchantia-specific immune mechanisms remained largely underexplored. In this study, we investigated the genetic basis of quantitative resistance in M. polymorpha against the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum nymphaeae, a naturally occurring compatible parasite. Through a combination of phenotypic, cytological, and transcriptomic approaches, combined with genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we identified key defense-related genes and pathways. Leveraging the biological and genetic variability present in a collection of natural M. polymorpha accessions, we highlight the role of horizontally transferred microbial-like terpene synthase genes, which may contribute to the exceptional terpene diversity of liverworts and potentially play a role in pathogen resistance. GWAS uncovered candidate loci associated with resistance traits, implicating both core immune components and specialized metabolic pathways. Transcriptomic analyses performed on two accessions with contrasting phenotypes after inoculation with C. nymphaeae revealed the upregulation of accession-specific and horizontally acquired genes. These results provide insights into the specific molecular underpinnings of bryophyte immunity and underscore the evolutionary significance of horizontal gene transfer and specialized metabolites in shaping plant–pathogen interactions.