# Advances in microbial sulfoquinovose catabolism

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how microbes break down sulfoquinovose, a common sulfur compound, and its impact on the sulfur cycle and human gut health.

## Contribution

The paper provides a systematic review of microbial sulfoquinovose catabolic pathways and their degradation mechanisms.

## Key findings

- Microbes use two main pathways to degrade sulfoquinovose: C-S and C-C bond cleavage.
- Degradation products like sulfolactate and dihydroxypropanesulfonate can lead to sulfite and H₂S production.
- Sulfite-reducing bacteria like Bilophila wadsworthia may contribute to gut inflammation and colon cancer.

## Abstract

Sulfoquinovose (SQ) serves as the polar head group of sulfolipids in photosynthetic organisms. Given the substantial biomass of these organisms, the estimated global annual production of SQ is around 10 billion tons, making it one of the most abundant sulfur-containing organic compounds in nature. The microbial degradation of SQ constitutes a critical component of the global sulfur cycle and is increasingly recognized for its relevance to human health, particularly through its metabolism by the gut bacteria. Microorganisms employ two principal classes of catabolic pathways to degrade SQ: (i) C-S bond cleavage pathways, including the sulfo-ASMO (alkanesulfonate monooxygenase-dependent) and sulfo-ASDO (alkanesulfonate dioxygenase-dependent) pathways, which release glucose and sulfite; and (ii) C-C bond cleavage pathways, including sulfo-EMP (sulfoglycolytic Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas), sulfo-ED (sulfoglycolytic Entner-Doudoroff), sulfo-TAL (sulfoglycolytic transaldolase), and sulfo-TK (sulfoglycolytic transketolase) pathways, which yield short-chain sulfonates such as sulfolactate (SL) and dihydroxypropanesulfonate (DHPS). These sulfonated intermediates can undergo further degradation, releasing sulfite and short chain carbohydrates. Sulfite-reducing Bilophila wadsworthia utilizes them to generate respiratory terminal electron acceptor forming H₂S, which is toxic and a potential cause of inflammation and colon cancer. Here we systematically review the SQ catabolic pathways and the degradation mechanisms of the sulfonated intermediates. In addition, the significant implications of SQ degradation in human gut are discussed briefly.