# Scots pine seedlings of lowland and upland ecotypes respond differently to drought detected by needle functional traits and spectral reflectance

## TL;DR

Scots pine seedlings from upland and lowland regions respond differently to drought, with upland ecotypes showing better resilience and survival.

## Contribution

The study reveals how drought resistance varies between Scots pine ecotypes using functional traits and spectral reflectance.

## Key findings

- Upland ecotype seedlings showed better resilience to drought with less growth reduction and lower mortality.
- Spectral indices like REP were more responsive during recovery for upland ecotype seedlings.
- Current-year needles are more suitable for detecting drought stress using spectral indices.

## Abstract

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is widely distributed, phenotypically plastic forest tree species with modest ecological demands, therefore it is a very suitable, drought tolerant species for afforestation at present. This is especially important given Europe’s changing climate, with rising extremes and unpredictable rainfall challenging forest regeneration. Drought resistance of seedlings is essential for their survival during current reforestation efforts, however, its relation to ecotypic variation is yet not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of seedlings from two Czech Scots pine ecotypes (upland and lowland), exposed to water deficit at the beginning of the vegetative season – a critical period for successful afforestation from the perspective of precipitation availability. During a greenhouse experiment with nursery pre-grown seedlings, terminal shoot length and selected leaf functional traits (leaf mass per area; water and pigment contents; needle anatomy), chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and seedling reflectance were monitored during ten-week irrigation reduction and after rewatering. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the red edge position (REP) were calculated from spectral reflectance to distinguish differently treated seedlings. The lowland ecotype grew faster under control but suffered stronger growth reduction and higher mortality under drought. In contrast, across all recorded responses, the upland ecotype responds more consistently to changes in water availability, does not reduce terminal growth, accumulates less biomass and exhibits lower mortality. In general, for terminal growth, there was a significant effect of treatment and also an interaction of treatment and ecotype during the recovery period, unlike the drought period. REP was responsive in recovery period for upland ecotype while PRI showed no consistent drought-related pattern. Our results, in agreement with the fluorescence-based indicators, suggest that current-year needles are more suitable for drought stress detection using spectral indices. The upland ecotype showed several functional traits corresponding to better resilience to drought stress compared to the lowland ecotype. Understanding drought stress and recovery responses via effective leaf functional traits will help forest management to select suitable ecotypes for reforestation, ensuring a higher survival under changing climatic conditions.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-025-08019-y.